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Microbiological Research Establishment, Porton, Nr. Salisbury, Wiltshire, England
Extracellular rabbitpox virus released naturally from infected cells differed antigenically from intracellular virus released by artificial disruption of cells. Intracellular virus was neutralized by antiserum prepared against live rabbitpox virus and by antiserum against inactivated vaccinia virus. In contrast, extracellular virus was neutralized only by rabbitpox antiserum. The antibodies responsible for the neutralization of intracellular and extracellular virus could be absorbed separately from rabbitpox antiserum. Morphologically, extracellular virus differed from intracellular virus in possessing an outer envelope. This envelope was probably the site of the virus antigen characteristic of extracellular virus, and fluorescent antibody staining of infected cells suggested that it was derived from the modified host cell membrane. Antibody directed against extracellular virus was responsible for the ability of rabbitpox antiserum to control the spread of rabbitpox virus in tissue culture and probably for its ability to protect rabbits from rabbitpox infection. Extracellular virus should therefore be used as the test virus in titrations of neutralizing antibody if these are to assess the protective activity of an antiserum.
Received 8 March 1971;
accepted 10 May 1971.
This article has been cited by other articles:
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A. Chahroudi, R. Chavan, N. Koyzr, E. K. Waller, G. Silvestri, and M. B. Feinberg Vaccinia Virus Tropism for Primary Hematolymphoid Cells Is Determined by Restricted Expression of a Unique Virus Receptor J. Virol., August 15, 2005; 79(16): 10397 - 10407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Aldaz-Carroll, J. C. Whitbeck, M. Ponce de Leon, H. Lou, L. Hirao, S. N. Isaacs, B. Moss, R. J. Eisenberg, and G. H. Cohen Epitope-Mapping Studies Define Two Major Neutralization Sites on the Vaccinia Virus Extracellular Enveloped Virus Glycoprotein B5R J. Virol., May 15, 2005; 79(10): 6260 - 6271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. C. Carter, M. Law, M. Hollinshead, and G. L. Smith Entry of the vaccinia virus intracellular mature virion and its interactions with glycosaminoglycans J. Gen. Virol., May 1, 2005; 86(5): 1279 - 1290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. M. Ward Visualization and Characterization of the Intracellular Movement of Vaccinia Virus Intracellular Mature Virions J. Virol., April 15, 2005; 79(8): 4755 - 4763. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Law, M. M. Putz, and G. L. Smith An investigation of the therapeutic value of vaccinia-immune IgG in a mouse pneumonia model J. Gen. Virol., April 1, 2005; 86(4): 991 - 1000. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Law, M. Hollinshead, H.-J. Lee, and G. L. Smith Yaba-like disease virus protein Y144R, a member of the complement control protein family, is present on enveloped virions that are associated with virus-induced actin tails J. Gen. Virol., May 1, 2004; 85(5): 1279 - 1290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. S. Wyatt, P. L. Earl, L. A. Eller, and B. Moss Highly attenuated smallpox vaccine protects mice with and without immune deficiencies against pathogenic vaccinia virus challenge PNAS, March 30, 2004; 101(13): 4590 - 4595. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. M. Ward and B. Moss Vaccinia Virus A36R Membrane Protein Provides a Direct Link between Intracellular Enveloped Virions and the Microtubule Motor Kinesin J. Virol., March 1, 2004; 78(5): 2486 - 2493. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Pires de Miranda, P. C. Reading, D. C. Tscharke, B. J. Murphy, and G. L. Smith The vaccinia virus kelch-like protein C2L affects calcium-independent adhesion to the extracellular matrix and inflammation in a murine intradermal model J. Gen. Virol., September 1, 2003; 84(9): 2459 - 2471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. M. Ward, A. S. Weisberg, and B. Moss Mapping and Functional Analysis of Interaction Sites within the Cytoplasmic Domains of the Vaccinia Virus A33R and A36R Envelope Proteins J. Virol., April 1, 2003; 77(7): 4113 - 4126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Szajner, H. Jaffe, A. S. Weisberg, and B. Moss Vaccinia Virus G7L Protein Interacts with the A30L Protein and Is Required for Association of Viral Membranes with Dense Viroplasm To Form Immature Virions J. Virol., March 15, 2003; 77(6): 3418 - 3429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. W. Favoreel, G. R. Van de Walle, H. J. Nauwynck, and M. B. Pensaert Virus complement evasion strategies J. Gen. Virol., January 1, 2003; 84(1): 1 - 15. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. L. Smith, A. Vanderplasschen, and M. Law The formation and function of extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus J. Gen. Virol., December 1, 2002; 83(12): 2915 - 2931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Katz, E. Wolffe, and B. Moss Identification of Second-Site Mutations That Enhance Release and Spread of Vaccinia Virus J. Virol., October 11, 2002; 76(22): 11637 - 11644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A J Beale Bioterrorism: what can we do? J R Soc Med, January 10, 2002; 95(10): 479 - 480. [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. van Eijl, M. Hollinshead, G. Rodger, W.-H. Zhang, and G. L. Smith The vaccinia virus F12L protein is associated with intracellular enveloped virus particles and is required for their egress to the cell surface J. Gen. Virol., January 1, 2002; 83(1): 195 - 207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Law, R. Hollinshead, and G. L. Smith Antibody-sensitive and antibody-resistant cell-to-cell spread by vaccinia virus: role of the A33R protein in antibody-resistant spread J. Gen. Virol., January 1, 2002; 83(1): 209 - 222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Almazan, D. C. Tscharke, and G. L. Smith The Vaccinia Virus Superoxide Dismutase-Like Protein (A45R) Is a Virion Component That Is Nonessential for Virus Replication J. Virol., August 1, 2001; 75(15): 7018 - 7029. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 M. Hollinshead, G. Rodger, H. Van Eijl, M. Law, R. Hollinshead, D. J.T. Vaux, and G. L. Smith Vaccinia virus utilizes microtubules for movement to the cell surface J. Cell Biol., July 23, 2001; 154(2): 389 - 402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Szajner, A. S. Weisberg, E. J. Wolffe, and B. Moss Vaccinia Virus A30L Protein Is Required for Association of Viral Membranes with Dense Viroplasm To Form Immature Virions J. Virol., July 1, 2001; 75(13): 5752 - 5761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. C. Mathew, C. M. Sanderson, R. Hollinshead, and G. L. Smith A mutational analysis of the vaccinia virus B5R protein J. Gen. Virol., May 1, 2001; 82(5): 1199 - 1213. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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E. J. Wolffe, A. S. Weisberg, and B. Moss The Vaccinia Virus A33R Protein Provides a Chaperone Function for Viral Membrane Localization and Tyrosine Phosphorylation of the A36R Protein J. Virol., January 1, 2001; 75(1): 303 - 310. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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W.-H. Zhang, D. Wilcock, and G. L. Smith Vaccinia Virus F12L Protein Is Required for Actin Tail Formation, Normal Plaque Size, and Virulence J. Virol., December 15, 2000; 74(24): 11654 - 11662. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. M. Lorenzo, I. Galindo, G. Griffiths, and R. Blasco Intracellular Localization of Vaccinia Virus Extracellular Enveloped Virus Envelope Proteins Individually Expressed Using a Semliki Forest Virus Replicon J. Virol., November 15, 2000; 74(22): 10535 - 10550. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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W. W. Yeh, B. Moss, and E. J. Wolffe The Vaccinia Virus A9L Gene Encodes a Membrane Protein Required for an Early Step in Virion Morphogenesis J. Virol., October 15, 2000; 74(20): 9701 - 9711. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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F. G. da Fonseca, E. J. Wolffe, A. Weisberg, and B. Moss Effects of Deletion or Stringent Repression of the H3L Envelope Gene on Vaccinia Virus Replication J. Virol., August 15, 2000; 74(16): 7518 - 7528. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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B. M. Ward and B. Moss Golgi Network Targeting and Plasma Membrane Internalization Signals in Vaccinia Virus B5R Envelope Protein J. Virol., April 15, 2000; 74(8): 3771 - 3780. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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C.-L. Lin, C.-S. Chung, H. G. Heine, and W. Chang Vaccinia Virus Envelope H3L Protein Binds to Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate and Is Important for Intracellular Mature Virion Morphogenesis and Virus Infection In Vitro and In Vivo J. Virol., April 1, 2000; 74(7): 3353 - 3365. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J.-C. Hsiao, C.-S. Chung, and W. Chang Vaccinia Virus Envelope D8L Protein Binds to Cell Surface Chondroitin Sulfate and Mediates the Adsorption of Intracellular Mature Virions to Cells J. Virol., October 1, 1999; 73(10): 8750 - 8761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. L. Roper and B. Moss Envelope Formation Is Blocked by Mutation of a Sequence Related to the HKD Phospholipid Metabolism Motif in the Vaccinia Virus F13L Protein J. Virol., February 1, 1999; 73(2): 1108 - 1117. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. Vanderplasschen, E. Mathew, M. Hollinshead, R. B. Sim, and G. L. Smith Extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus is resistant to complement because of incorporation of host complement control proteins into its envelope PNAS, June 23, 1998; 95(13): 7544 - 7549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. L. Roper, E. J. Wolffe, A. Weisberg, and B. Moss The Envelope Protein Encoded by the A33R Gene Is Required for Formation of Actin-Containing Microvilli and Efficient Cell-to-Cell Spread of Vaccinia Virus J. Virol., May 1, 1998; 72(5): 4192 - 4204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Mathew, C. M. Sanderson, M. Hollinshead, and G. L. Smith The Extracellular Domain of Vaccinia Virus Protein B5R Affects Plaque Phenotype, Extracellular Enveloped Virus Release, and Intracellular Actin Tail Formation J. Virol., March 1, 1998; 72(3): 2429 - 2438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Herrera, M. del Mar Lorenzo, R. Blasco, and S. N. Isaacs Functional Analysis of Vaccinia Virus B5R Protein: Essential Role in Virus Envelopment Is Independent of a Large Portion of the Extracellular Domain J. Virol., January 1, 1998; 72(1): 294 - 302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S Cudmore, I Reckmann, G Griffiths, and M Way Vaccinia virus: a model system for actin-membrane interactions J. Cell Sci., January 7, 1996; 109(7): 1739 - 1747. [Abstract] [PDF]
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