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Inactivation of some Bacterial and Animal Viruses by Exposure to Liquid-air Interfaces

J. C. de Jong

Laboratory of Microbiology, State University, Catharijnesingel 59, Utrecht, the Netherlands

Surface inactivation of the bacteriophages T₁, T₃, T₅, MS2, of EMC virus and Semliki Forest virus was studied, exposing the viruses to a large air/water interface by aeration or by rotating the fluid in a spherical flask. EMC virus in 1 M-NaCl was not sensitive to this treatment, phage T₃ and T₅ were only little affected, but the phages T₁ and MS2 and Semliki Forest virus were rapidly inactivated by bubbling air or nitrogen gas through the suspension. In salt solutions at rest no inactivation of these viruses was observed. Inactivation by aeration was prevented by addition of peptone, by apolar carboxylic acids and by the surface active agent OED. If a large solution/glass interface is present, some loss of virus occurs by adsorption to the glass surface. Phenylalanine protected against adsorption to the glass surface, but protected less effectively against inactivation by aeration. The rate of surface inactivation was strongly dependent on the salt concentration in the medium. At low NaCl concentration (0.01 M) nearly no inactivation was found for phage T₁ and MS2 and phage T₃ was not sensitive to aeration in 1 M-NaCl but was rapidly inactivated in 2.6 M-NaCl. The rate of inactivation decreased with time of shaking and in the case of phage T₁ a nearly completely resistant fraction of 10^-4 of the original particles remained. The resistance against surface inactivation was a non-heritable property. Resistance against thermal inactivation was not correlated with resistance to surface inactivation, suggesting that the mechanism of inactivation differs in these processes.

^* Present address: Du Pont de Nemours, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.

Present address: National Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.

Received 7 January 1974; accepted 1 March 1974.

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