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Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology and Cancer Research Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, U.S.A.
Introduction. The study of the molecular biology of retroviruses has revealed a number of features not found in other groups of viruses. In recent years, a large number of excellent reviews of the field have appeared (Table 1). In writing this article, it is not my intention to cover ground already well treated in review form. Instead, I will consider only a limited number of interrelated subjects dealing with the organization of information in tumour virus genomes and its transfer from parent to progeny. In general, I will ignore primary data and present only the inferred structures and mechanisms and point out experimental approaches that might fill in gaps in our knowledge.
Retroviruses form a large and diverse group, with isolates from many different vertebrates. In most cases, our knowledge of the molecular biology of the viruses is derived from one model system, the avian sarcoma-leukosis viruses (ASV).
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Y. Li and S. Carpenter Cis-acting sequences may contribute to size variation in the surface glycoprotein of bovine immunodeficiency virus J. Gen. Virol., December 1, 2001; 82(12): 2989 - 2998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. K. Pfeiffer and A. Telesnitsky Effects of Limiting Homology at the Site of Intermolecular Recombinogenic Template Switching during Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Replication J. Virol., December 1, 2001; 75(23): 11263 - 11274. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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C. K. Hwang, E. S. Svarovskaia, and V. K. Pathak Dynamic copy choice: Steady state between murine leukemia virus polymerase and polymerase-dependent RNase H activity determines frequency of in vivo template switching PNAS, September 26, 2001; (2001) 221289898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-I. Sakuragi, T. Shioda, and A. T. Panganiban Duplication of the Primary Encapsidation and Dimer Linkage Region of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Results in the Appearance of Monomeric RNA in Virions J. Virol., March 15, 2001; 75(6): 2557 - 2565. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. K. Pfeiffer, M. M. Georgiadis, and A. Telesnitsky Structure-Based Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase Mutants with Altered Intracellular Direct-Repeat Deletion Frequencies J. Virol., October 15, 2000; 74(20): 9629 - 9636. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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Y. Ohi and J. L. Clever Sequences in the 5' and 3' R Elements of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Critical for Efficient Reverse Transcription J. Virol., September 15, 2000; 74(18): 8324 - 8334. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. A. Anderson, V. K. Pathak, and W.-S. Hu Effect of the Murine Leukemia Virus Extended Packaging Signal on the Rates and Locations of Retroviral Recombination J. Virol., August 1, 2000; 74(15): 6953 - 6963. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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E. S. Svarovskaia, K. A. Delviks, C. K. Hwang, and V. K. Pathak Structural Determinants of Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase That Affect the Frequency of Template Switching J. Virol., August 1, 2000; 74(15): 7171 - 7178. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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N.-H. Shin, D. Hartigan-O'Connor, J. K. Pfeiffer, and A. Telesnitsky Replication of Lengthened Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Genomes Is Impaired at Multiple Stages J. Virol., March 15, 2000; 74(6): 2694 - 2702. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. Zhang, L.-Y. Tang, T. Li, Y. Ma, and C. M. Sapp Most Retroviral Recombinations Occur during Minus-Strand DNA Synthesis J. Virol., March 1, 2000; 74(5): 2313 - 2322. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. E. Jetzt, H. Yu, G. J. Klarmann, Y. Ron, B. D. Preston, and J. P. Dougherty High Rate of Recombination throughout the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genome J. Virol., February 1, 2000; 74(3): 1234 - 1240. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. G. Mikkelsen, A. H. Lund, M. Duch, and F. S. Pedersen Forced recombination of {Psi}-modified murine leukaemia virus-based vectors with murine leukaemia-like and VL30 murine endogenous retroviruses J. Gen. Virol., November 1, 1999; 80(11): 2957 - 2967. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. K. Pfeiffer, R. S. Topping, N.-H. Shin, and A. Telesnitsky Altering the Intracellular Environment Increases the Frequency of Tandem Repeat Deletion during Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcription J. Virol., October 1, 1999; 73(10): 8441 - 8447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Martiney, K. Rulli, R. Beaty, L. S. Levy, and J. Lenz Selection of Reversions and Suppressors of a Mutation in the CBF Binding Site of a Lymphomagenic Retrovirus J. Virol., September 1, 1999; 73(9): 7599 - 7606. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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H. Yu, A. E. Jetzt, Y. Ron, B. D. Preston, and J. P. Dougherty The Nature of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strand Transfers J. Biol. Chem., October 23, 1998; 273(43): 28384 - 28391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. G. Mikkelsen, A. H. Lund, M. Duch, and F. S. Pedersen Recombination in the 5' Leader of Murine Leukemia Virus Is Accurate and Influenced by Sequence Identity with a Strong Bias toward the Kissing-Loop Dimerization Region J. Virol., September 1, 1998; 72(9): 6967 - 6978. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. C. St. Louis, D. Gotte, E. Sanders-Buell, D. W. Ritchey, M. O. Salminen, J. K. Carr, and F. E. McCutchan Infectious Molecular Clones with the Nonhomologous Dimer Initiation Sequences Found in Different Subtypes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Can Recombine and Initiate a Spreading Infection In Vitro J. Virol., May 1, 1998; 72(5): 3991 - 3998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Anderson, R. J. Teufel II, P. D. Yin, and W.-S. Hu Correlated Template-Switching Events during Minus-Strand DNA Synthesis: a Mechanism for High Negative Interference during Retroviral Recombination J. Virol., February 1, 1998; 72(2): 1186 - 1194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Anderson, E. H. Bowman, and W.-S. Hu Retroviral Recombination Rates Do Not Increase Linearly with Marker Distance and Are Limited by the Size of the Recombining Subpopulation J. Virol., February 1, 1998; 72(2): 1195 - 1202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. DeStefano, J. Ghosh, B. Prasad, and A. Raja High Fidelity of Internal Strand Transfer Catalyzed by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reverse Transcriptase J. Biol. Chem., January 16, 1998; 273(3): 1483 - 1489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. K. Kim, C. Palaniappan, W. Wu, P. J. Fay, and R. A. Bambara Evidence for a Unique Mechanism of Strand Transfer from the Transactivation Response Region of HIV-1 J. Biol. Chem., July 4, 1997; 272(27): 16769 - 16777. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. M. Fuentes, C. Palaniappan, P. J. Fay, and R. A. Bambara Strand Displacement Synthesis in the Central Polypurine Tract Region of HIV-1 Promotes DNA to DNA Strand Transfer Recombination J. Biol. Chem., November 22, 1996; 271(47): 29605 - 29611. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Skripkin, J.-C. Paillart, R. Marquet, M. Blumenfeld, B. Ehresmann, and C. Ehresmann Mechanisms of Inhibition of in Vitro Dimerization of HIV Type I RNA by Sense and Antisense Oligonucleotides J. Biol. Chem., November 15, 1996; 271(46): 28812 - 28817. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. J. DeStefano and J. J. DeStefano Interaction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Nucleocapsid Protein with a Structure Mimicking a Replication Intermediate. EFFECTS ON STABILITY, REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE BINDING, AND STRAND TRANSFER J. Biol. Chem., July 5, 1996; 271(27): 16350 - 16356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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