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Genome Organization and Expression of Reverse Transcribing Elements: Variations and a Theme

Department of Virus Research, John Innes Institute, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K.

Introduction. Until recently, reverse transcription was considered to be the sole prerogative of retroviruses. Over the last 4 or 5 years it has been recognized that members of two other virus groups, the hepadnaviruses and the caulimoviruses, undergo reverse transcription during replication. Furthermore, some vertebrate genetic elements, e.g. intracisternal A particle (IAP) genes (Ono et al., 1985), VL30 genes (Hodgson et al., 1983) and L1Md (Loeb et al., 1986), and transposable elements from other taxonomic groups [yeast Ty elements (Clare & Farabaugh, 1985; Hauber et al., 1985), Drosophila copia (Mount & Rubin, 1985) and copia-like elements (Saigo et al., 1984), Dictyostelium DIRS-1 element (Cappello et al., 1985), maize Bs1 element (Johns et al., 1985), and possibly maize Cin1 element (Shepherd et al., 1984)] have been shown to possess structural similarities to integrated retroviruses. The yeast Ty element transcript has recently been found to be contained within virus-like particles which have reverse transcriptase activity (Garfinkel et al., 1985; Mellor et al., 1985a).

Keywords: reverse transcribing elements, genome organization