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Characterization of morbilliviruses isolated from dolphins and porpoises in Europe

¹ Seal Rehabilitation and Research Centre, Hoofdstraat 94a, 9968 AG Pieterburen
² Laboratory of Immunobiology, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven
and³ Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Veterinary Faculty, State University of Utrecht, Yalelaan 1, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
⁴ National Veterinary Service Laboratories, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, P.O. Box 848, Greenport, New York 11944, U.S.A.
⁵ Central Microbiological Laboratory of Stockholm City Council, Department of Virology, PO Box 70470, 5-107-26 Stockholm, Sweden
⁶ Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF
and The⁷ Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW1 4EY, U.K.

A previously unidentified morbillivirus was isolated from two harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) that had died in the Dutch Waddensea (North Sea) in 1990. This porpoise morbillivirus (PMV) and a dolphin morbillivirus (DMV), which had recently caused a heavy mortality in Mediterranean striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), were compared antigenically with other members of the genus Morbillivirus, including the newly recognized phocine distemper virus type 1. DMV and PMV proved to be similar but distinct morbilliviruses, closely related to rinderpest virus and peste-des-petits-ruminants virus. Cell cultures of cetacean, pinniped, ruminant and canine origin showed a different pattern of susceptibility to DMV and PMV infection. Ruminants and dogs proved to be susceptible to experimental infection with DMV and PMV, which both caused a transient leukopenia most pronounced in the ruminants. Pre-exposure of dogs to DMV and PMV protected them from developing CDV viraemia and clinical signs upon challenge infection with virulent CDV. A serological survey among stranded animals of different cetacean species in Europe indicated that infections with DMV- and PMV-like morbilliviruses are not uncommon among these aquatic mammals.

Received 24 July 1992; accepted 16 November 1992.

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