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Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, U.K.
Introduction. Vaccinia virus is the vaccine that was used to eradicate smallpox. This task was accomplished in 1977 and its completion certified in 1979 by the World Health Organization (WHO) (Fenner et al., 1988). Since then poxvirus infections of humans have caused little disease and have been restricted to molluscum contagiosum and rare zoonoses such as cowpox (CPV), pseudocowpox, monkeypox, orf and yaba tumour viruses. Continued interest in vaccinia virus and other poxviruses has derived in part from the development of these viruses as cloning and expression vectors (Mackett et al., 1982; Panicali & Paoletti, 1982) that have the potential as live vaccines to combat diseases other than smallpox (Panicali et al., 1983; Smith et al., 1983 a, b, 1984; Paoletti et al., 1984).
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