| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
1 Department of Virology I, National Institute of Health, 23-1, Toyama 1-chome, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162, Japan
and2 Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong
From immunological and phylogenetic analyses of H3 influenza viruses isolated from pigs and ducks in the People's Republic of China (China), Hong Kong, Taiwan and Japan, between 1968 and 1982, we arrived at the following conclusions. The H3 haemagglutinin and N2 neuraminidase genes from swine isolates can be segregated into four mammalian lineages, including: (i) the earliest human strains; (ii) early swine strains including Hong Kong isolates from 1976–1977; (iii) an intermediate strain between the early swine and recent human strains; and (iv) recent human strains. In this study we found an unusual swine strain (sw/Hong Kong/127/82) belonging to the third lineage which behaved like those of the early swine-like lineage in the haemagglutination inhibition test; but neuraminidase inhibition profiles with monoclonal antibodies indicated that this virus is related to late human strains. On the basis of pairwise comparisons of complete or partial nucleotide sequences the genes encoding the three polymerase proteins (PB2, PB1, PA), the nucleoprotein, the membrane protein and possibly the nonstructural proteins of sw/Hong Kong/127/82 are of the swine H1N1 lineage, whereas genes encoding the two surface glycoproteins belong to the human H3N2 lineage. In contrast, all RNA segments of one swine isolate (sw/Hong Kong/81/78) are similar to those of recent human H3N2 viruses. This study indicated that frequent interspecies infections between human and swine hosts appeared to occur during 1976–82. Although the evolutionary rates of human (0.0122/site/year), swine (0.0127/site/year) and avian (0.0193/site/year) virus genes are similar when based upon synonymous substitutions, nonsynonymous substitutions indicated that viral genes derived from human and swine viruses evolved about three times faster (0.0026–0.0027/site/year) than those of avian viruses (0.0008/site/year). Furthermore, the evolutionary mechanism by which human and swine H3 haemagglutinin genes evolve at a similar rate, based on nonsynonymous substitutions, appeared to be quite different from previous evidence which showed that human H1 haemagglutinin genes evolved three times faster than those of swine viruses. However, comparison of the number of nonsynonymous substitutions in the antigenic sites (A–E) of haemagglutinin molecules demonstrated that swine viruses evolve at a rate that is about one fifth to one tenth that of human viruses, reflecting the conservative nature of the antigenic structure in the former.
* Author for correspondence. Fax +81 3 5285 1155.
Present address: The University of Tokyo, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan.
Present address: Japan Racing Association, Equine Research Institute, Epizootic Research Station (Tochigi Branch), 1400-4, Shiba 329-04, Japan.
Received 5 April 1994;
accepted 14 October 1994.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  H. Yu, R.-H. Hua, Q. Zhang, T.-Q. Liu, H.-L. Liu, G.-X. Li, and G.-Z. Tong Genetic Evolution of Swine Influenza A (H3N2) Viruses in China from 1970 to 2006 J. Clin. Microbiol., March 1, 2008; 46(3): 1067 - 1075. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. C. de Jong, D. J. Smith, A. S. Lapedes, I. Donatelli, L. Campitelli, G. Barigazzi, K. Van Reeth, T. C. Jones, G. F. Rimmelzwaan, A. D. M. E. Osterhaus, et al. Antigenic and Genetic Evolution of Swine Influenza A (H3N2) Viruses in Europe J. Virol., April 15, 2007; 81(8): 4315 - 4322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. M. Peiris, Y. Guan, D. Markwell, P. Ghose, R. G. Webster, and K. F. Shortridge Cocirculation of Avian H9N2 and Contemporary ""Human"" H3N2 Influenza A Viruses in Pigs in Southeastern China: Potential for Genetic Reassortment? J. Virol., October 15, 2001; 75(20): 9679 - 9686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Gregory, W. Lim, K. Cameron, M. Bennett, S. Marozin, A. Klimov, H. Hall, N. Cox, A. Hay, and Y. P. Lin Infection of a child in Hong Kong by an influenza A H3N2 virus closely related to viruses circulating in European pigs J. Gen. Virol., June 1, 2001; 82(6): 1397 - 1406. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Horimoto and Y. Kawaoka Pandemic Threat Posed by Avian Influenza A Viruses Clin. Microbiol. Rev., January 1, 2001; 14(1): 129 - 149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Webby, S. L. Swenson, S. L. Krauss, P. J. Gerrish, S. M. Goyal, and R. G. Webster Evolution of Swine H3N2 Influenza Viruses in the United States J. Virol., September 15, 2000; 74(18): 8243 - 8251. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Hiromoto, Y. Yamazaki, T. Fukushima, T. Saito, S. E. Lindstrom, K. Omoe, R. Nerome, W. Lim, S. Sugita, and K. Nerome Evolutionary characterization of the six internal genes of H5N1 human influenza A virus J. Gen. Virol., May 1, 2000; 81(5): 1293 - 1303. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. N. Zhou, D. A. Senne, J. S. Landgraf, S. L. Swenson, G. Erickson, K. Rossow, L. Liu, K.-j. Yoon, S. Krauss, and R. G. Webster Genetic Reassortment of Avian, Swine, and Human Influenza A Viruses in American Pigs J. Virol., October 1, 1999; 73(10): 8851 - 8856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Lindstrom, Y. Hiromoto, R. Nerome, K. Omoe, S. Sugita, Y. Yamazaki, T. Takahashi, and K. Nerome Phylogenetic Analysis of the Entire Genome of Influenza A (H3N2) Viruses from Japan: Evidence for Genetic Reassortment of the Six Internal Genes J. Virol., October 1, 1998; 72(10): 8021 - 8031. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| INT J SYST EVOL MICROBIOL | MICROBIOLOGY | J GEN VIROL |
| J MED MICROBIOL | ALL SGM JOURNALS | |
