Journal of General Virology, Vol 78, 1919-1922, Copyright © 1997 by Society for General Microbiology

ARTICLES

Mechanisms of protection induced by attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus. I. Protection cannot be transferred with immune serum

N Almond, J Rose, R Sangster, P Silvera, R Stebbings, B Walker and EJ Stott
AIDS Collaborating Centre, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Herts, UK. nalmond@nibsc.ac.uk

To evaluate its role in protection, immune serum was collected from four macaques which were chronically infected with live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmacC8) and had resisted challenge with wild-type SIVmacJ5. The immune serum was transferred to two naive cynomolgus macaques by intraperitoneal injection (11 ml/kg). Four control macaques received an intraperitoneal injection of normal saline. One day later, all macaques were challenged with 10 MID50 of the J5M challenge stock of SIV. After challenge, all macaques became infected as determined by virus co-culture and diagnostic PCR. Virus loads in PBMC at 2 weeks post-challenge were indistinguishable between the two groups of macaques. Thus, the failure of passive immunization to transfer protection indicates that serum components alone are not sufficient to mediate the potent protection obtained using live attenuated vaccines. This is the first time that serum has been transferred from animals known to be protected against superinfection.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J. M. Greene, J. J. Lhost, B. J. Burwitz, M. L. Budde, C. E. Macnair, M. K. Weiker, E. Gostick, T. C. Friedrich, K. W. Broman, D. A. Price, et al. Extralymphoid CD8+ T Cells Resident in Tissue from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239{Delta}nef-Vaccinated Macaques Suppress SIVmac239 Replication Ex Vivo J. Virol., April 1, 2010; 84(7): 3362 - 3372. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Berry, R. Stebbings, D. Ferguson, C. Ham, J. Alden, S. Brown, A. Jenkins, J. Lines, L. Duffy, L. Davis, et al. Resistance to superinfection by a vigorously replicating, uncloned stock of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac251) stimulates replication of a live attenuated virus vaccine (SIVmacC8) J. Gen. Virol., September 1, 2008; 89(9): 2240 - 2251. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. L. Tagmyer, J. K. Craigo, S. J. Cook, D. L. Even, C. J. Issel, and R. C. Montelaro Envelope Determinants of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Vaccine Protection and the Effects of Sequence Variation on Immune Recognition J. Virol., April 15, 2008; 82(8): 4052 - 4063. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Rollman, M. Z. Smith, A. G. Brooks, D. F. J. Purcell, B. Zuber, I. A. Ramshaw, and S. J. Kent Killing Kinetics of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells: Implications for HIV Vaccine Strategies J. Immunol., October 1, 2007; 179(7): 4571 - 4579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. R. Amara, K. Patel, G. Niedziela, P. Nigam, S. Sharma, S. I. Staprans, D. C. Montefiori, L. Chenareddi, J. G. Herndon, H. L. Robinson, et al. A Combination DNA and Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Strategy Provides Enhanced Protection from Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Induced Disease J. Virol., December 15, 2005; 79(24): 15356 - 15367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. J. Metzner, W. J. Moretto, S. M. Donahoe, X. Jin, A. Gettie, D. C. Montefiori, P. A. Marx, J. M. Binley, D. F. Nixon, and R. I. Connor Evaluation of CD8+ T-cell and antibody responses following transient increased viraemia in rhesus macaques infected with live, attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus J. Gen. Virol., December 1, 2005; 86(12): 3375 - 3384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Stebbings, N. Berry, H. Waldmann, P. Bird, G. Hale, J. Stott, D. North, R. Hull, J. Hall, J. Lines, et al. CD8+ Lymphocytes Do Not Mediate Protection against Acute Superinfection 20 Days after Vaccination with a Live Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus J. Virol., October 1, 2005; 79(19): 12264 - 12272. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. E. Schmitz, R. P. Johnson, H. M. McClure, K. H. Manson, M. S. Wyand, M. J. Kuroda, M. A. Lifton, R. S. Khunkhun, K. J. McEvers, J. Gillis, et al. Effect of CD8+ Lymphocyte Depletion on Virus Containment after Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac251 Challenge of Live Attenuated SIVmac239{Delta}3-Vaccinated Rhesus Macaques J. Virol., July 1, 2005; 79(13): 8131 - 8141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. A. Sharpe, A. Cope, S. Dowall, N. Berry, C. Ham, J. L. Heeney, D. Hopkins, L. Easterbrook, M. Dennis, N. Almond, et al. Macaques infected long-term with attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) remain resistant to wild-type challenge, despite declining cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to an immunodominant epitope J. Gen. Virol., September 1, 2004; 85(9): 2591 - 2602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Horton, T. U. Vogel, D. K. Carter, K. Vielhuber, D. H. Fuller, T. Shipley, J. T. Fuller, K. J. Kunstman, G. Sutter, D. C. Montefiori, et al. Immunization of Rhesus Macaques with a DNA Prime/Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Boost Regimen Induces Broad Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-Specific T-Cell Responses and Reduces Initial Viral Replication but Does Not Prevent Disease Progression following Challenge with Pathogenic SIVmac239 J. Virol., July 15, 2002; 76(14): 7187 - 7202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. J. Metzner, X. Jin, F. V. Lee, A. Gettie, D. E. Bauer, M. Di Mascio, A. S. Perelson, P. A. Marx, D. D. Ho, L. G. Kostrikis, et al. Effects of in Vivo Cd8+ T Cell Depletion on Virus Replication in Rhesus Macaques Immunized with a Live, Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine J. Exp. Med., June 5, 2000; 191(11): 1921 - 1932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. T. Sawai, M. S. Hamza, M. Ye, K. E. S. Shaw, and P. A. Luciw Pathogenic Conversion of Live Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccines Is Associated with Expression of Truncated Nef J. Virol., February 15, 2000; 74(4): 2038 - 2045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Almond, A. Jenkins, S. Jones, C. Arnold, P. Silvera, K. Kent, K. H. G. Mills, and E. J. Stott The appearance of escape variants in vivo does not account for the failure of recombinant envelope vaccines to protect against simian immunodeficiency virus J. Gen. Virol., September 1, 1999; 80(9): 2375 - 2382. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. Carl, A. J. Iafrate, J. Skowronski, C. Stahl-Hennig, and F. Kirchhoff Effect of the Attenuating Deletion and of Sequence Alterations Evolving In Vivo on Simian Immunodeficiency Virus C8-Nef Function J. Virol., April 1, 1999; 73(4): 2790 - 2797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Jin, D. E. Bauer, S. E. Tuttleton, S. Lewin, A. Gettie, J. Blanchard, C. E. Irwin, J. T. Safrit, J. Mittler, L. Weinberger, et al. Dramatic Rise in Plasma Viremia after CD8+ T Cell Depletion in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Macaques J. Exp. Med., March 15, 1999; 189(6): 991 - 998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. G. Lewis, J. Yalley-Ogunro, J. J. Greenhouse, T. P. Brennan, J. B. Jiang, T. C. VanCott, Y. Lu, G. A. Eddy, and D. L. Birx Limited Protection from a Pathogenic Chimeric Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Challenge following Immunization with Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus J. Virol., February 1, 1999; 73(2): 1262 - 1270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Mazzetti, S. Giannecchini, D. Del Mauro, D. Matteucci, P. Portincasa, A. Merico, C. Chezzi, and M. Bendinelli AIDS Vaccination Studies Using an Ex Vivo Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Model: Detailed Analysis of the Humoral Immune Response to a Protective Vaccine J. Virol., January 1, 1999; 73(1): 1 - 10. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. I. Connor, D. C. Montefiori, J. M. Binley, J. P. Moore, S. Bonhoeffer, A. Gettie, E. A. Fenamore, K. E. Sheridan, D. D. Ho, P. J. Dailey, et al. Temporal Analyses of Virus Replication, Immune Responses, and Efficacy in Rhesus Macaques Immunized with a Live, Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine J. Virol., September 1, 1998; 72(9): 7501 - 7509. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]