Journal of General Virology, Vol 79, 2171-2179, Copyright © 1998 by Society for General Microbiology

ARTICLES

Characterization of novel circovirus DNAs associated with wasting syndromes in pigs

BM Meehan, F McNeilly, D Todd, S Kennedy, VA Jewhurst, JA Ellis, LE Hassard, EG Clark, DM Haines and GM Allan
Department of Veterinary Science, The Queen's University of Belfast, UK.

Porcine circovirus (PCV) was initially recognized as a contaminant of continuous pig kidney cell lines and was not thought to be pathogenic. Antibodies reactive to the cell culture isolate of PCV (PCV PK-15) are prevalent in the swine population worldwide. Recently, PCV PK-15-like antigen and nucleic acid were demonstrated in lesions associated with wasting syndromes in pigs in North America and Europe. Monoclonal antibodies raised to circoviruses isolated from pigs with wasting syndromes highlighted differences between these circoviruses and the PCV PK-15 cell culture isolate. This has led to speculation that a new pathogenic PCV may have emerged in the swine populations of several countries. We report the cloning and characterization of novel circovirus DNAs purified from virus isolates made from tissues of North American and European pigs with wasting syndromes. These North American and European circoviruses form a closely related group at the nucleotide sequence level (> 96% intra-group nucleotide sequence identity) but exhibit < 80% nucleotide sequence identity with the PCV PK-15 cell culture isolate. This report provides evidence for a new type of possibly pathogenic PCV. We propose that these new circoviruses should be referred to as PCV2 as opposed to the original PK-15 cell culture isolate, which should be referred to as PCV1.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				S. Timmusk, E. Merlot, T. Lovgren, L. Jarvekulg, M. Berg, and C. Fossum Regulator of G protein signalling 16 is a target for a porcine circovirus type 2 protein J. Gen. Virol., October 1, 2009; 90(10): 2425 - 2436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. R. Patterson, J. Johnson, S. Ramamoorthy, X.-J. Meng, P. G. Halbur, and T. Opriessnig Comparison of three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2)-specific antibodies after vaccination or inoculation of pigs with distinct PCV-1 or PCV-2 isolates J Vet Diagn Invest, November 1, 2008; 20(6): 744 - 751. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. A. Gagnon, J. R.E. del Castillo, N. Music, G. Fontaine, J. Harel, and D. Tremblay Development and use of a multiplex real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for detection and differentiation of Porcine circovirus-2 genotypes 2a and 2b in an epidemiological survey J Vet Diagn Invest, September 1, 2008; 20(5): 545 - 558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-G. Shen, J.-Y. Zhou, Z.-Y. Huang, J.-Q. Guo, G. Xing, J.-L. He, Y. Yan, and L.-Y. Gong Protective immunity against porcine circovirus 2 by vaccination with ORF2-based DNA and subunit vaccines in mice J. Gen. Virol., August 1, 2008; 89(8): 1857 - 1865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. S. Lyoo, H. B. Kim, and H. S. Joo Evaluation of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay to differentiate between two genotypes of Porcine circovirus-2 J Vet Diagn Invest, May 1, 2008; 20(3): 283 - 288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Misinzo, P. L. Delputte, and H. J. Nauwynck Inhibition of Endosome-Lysosome System Acidification Enhances Porcine Circovirus 2 Infection of Porcine Epithelial Cells J. Virol., February 1, 2008; 82(3): 1128 - 1135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. J. Lefebvre, S. Costers, J. Van Doorsselaere, G. Misinzo, P. L. Delputte, and H. J. Nauwynck Antigenic differences among porcine circovirus type 2 strains, as demonstrated by the use of monoclonal antibodies J. Gen. Virol., January 1, 2008; 89(1): 177 - 187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Opriessnig, X.-J. Meng, and P. G. Halbur Porcine Circovirus Type 2 associated disease: Update on current terminology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and intervention strategies J Vet Diagn Invest, November 1, 2007; 19(6): 591 - 615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. A. Seeliger, M. l. Brugmann, L. Kruger, I. Greiser-Wilke, J. Verspohl, J. Segales, and W. Baumgartner Porcine Circovirus Type 2-Associated Cerebellar Vasculitis in Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS)-Affected Pigs Vet. Pathol., September 1, 2007; 44(5): 621 - 634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. H. Wikstrom, B. M. Meehan, M. Berg, S. Timmusk, J. Elving, L. Fuxler, M. Magnusson, G. M. Allan, F. McNeilly, and C. Fossum Structure-Dependent Modulation of Alpha Interferon Production by Porcine Circovirus 2 Oligodeoxyribonucleotide and CpG DNAs in Porcine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells J. Virol., May 15, 2007; 81(10): 4919 - 4927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Hamberg, S. Ringler, and S. Krakowka A novel method for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2 replicative double stranded viral DNA and nonreplicative single stranded viral DNA in tissue sections J Vet Diagn Invest, March 1, 2007; 19(2): 135 - 141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Timmusk, C. Fossum, and M. Berg Porcine circovirus type 2 replicase binds the capsid protein and an intermediate filament-like protein. J. Gen. Virol., November 1, 2006; 87(Pt 11): 3215 - 3223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Opriessnig, N. E. McKeown, E.-M. Zhou, X.-J. Meng, and P. G. Halbur Genetic and experimental comparison of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) isolates from cases with and without PCV2-associated lesions provides evidence for differences in virulence. J. Gen. Virol., October 1, 2006; 87(Pt 10): 2923 - 2932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Kim, Y. Ha, and C. Chae Potentiation of Porcine Circovirus 2-induced Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome by Porcine Parvovirus Is Associated with Excessive Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha}. Vet. Pathol., September 1, 2006; 43(5): 718 - 725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Heath, A.-L. Williamson, and E. P. Rybicki The Capsid Protein of Beak and Feather Disease Virus Binds to the Viral DNA and Is Responsible for Transporting the Replication-Associated Protein into the Nucleus J. Virol., July 15, 2006; 80(14): 7219 - 7225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Steinfeldt, T. Finsterbusch, and A. Mankertz Demonstration of nicking/joining activity at the origin of DNA replication associated with the rep and rep' proteins of porcine circovirus type 1. J. Virol., July 1, 2006; 80(13): 6225 - 6234. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Opriessnig, M. Fenaux, P. Thomas, M. J. Hoogland, M. F. Rothschild, X. J. Meng, and P. G. Halbur Evidence of Breed-dependent Differences in Susceptibility to Porcine Circovirus Type-2-associated Disease and Lesions Vet. Pathol., May 1, 2006; 43(3): 281 - 293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. K. Cheung Palindrome Regeneration by Template Strand-Switching Mechanism at the Origin of DNA Replication of Porcine Circovirus via the Rolling-Circle Melting-Pot Replication Model J. Virol., September 1, 2004; 78(17): 9016 - 9029. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Krakowka, J. Ellis, F. McNeilly, B. Meehan, M. Oglesbee, S. Alldinger, and G. Allan Features of Cell Degeneration and Death in Hepatic Failure and Systemic Lymphoid Depletion Characteristic of Porcine Circovirus-2-associated Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Disease Vet. Pathol., September 1, 2004; 41(5): 471 - 481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Lekcharoensuk, I. Morozov, P. S. Paul, N. Thangthumniyom, W. Wajjawalku, and X. J. Meng Epitope Mapping of the Major Capsid Protein of Type 2 Porcine Circovirus (PCV2) by Using Chimeric PCV1 and PCV2 J. Virol., August 1, 2004; 78(15): 8135 - 8145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Racine, A. Kheyar, C. A. Gagnon, B. Charbonneau, and S. Dea Eucaryotic Expression of the Nucleocapsid Protein Gene of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Use of the Protein in an Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay for Serological Diagnosis of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Pigs Clin. Vaccine Immunol., July 1, 2004; 11(4): 736 - 741. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. K. Cheung Detection of Template Strand Switching during Initiation and Termination of DNA Replication of Porcine Circovirus J. Virol., April 15, 2004; 78(8): 4268 - 4277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. A. Crowther, J. A. Berriman, W. L. Curran, G. M. Allan, and D. Todd Comparison of the Structures of Three Circoviruses: Chicken Anemia Virus, Porcine Circovirus Type 2, and Beak and Feather Disease Virus J. Virol., December 15, 2003; 77(24): 13036 - 13041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. E. Vincent, C. P. Carrasco, B. Herrmann, B. M. Meehan, G. M. Allan, A. Summerfield, and K. C. McCullough Dendritic Cells Harbor Infectious Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in the Absence of Apparent Cell Modulation or Replication of the Virus J. Virol., December 15, 2003; 77(24): 13288 - 13300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. C. Hasslung, M. Berg, G. M. Allan, B. M. Meehan, F. McNeilly, and C. Fossum Identification of a sequence from the genome of porcine circovirus type 2 with an inhibitory effect on IFN-{alpha} production by porcine PBMCs J. Gen. Virol., November 1, 2003; 84(11): 2937 - 2945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Fenaux, T. Opriessnig, P. G. Halbur, and X. J. Meng Immunogenicity and Pathogenicity of Chimeric Infectious DNA Clones of Pathogenic Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) and Nonpathogenic PCV1 in Weanling Pigs J. Virol., October 15, 2003; 77(20): 11232 - 11243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Opriessnig, S. Yu, J. M. Gallup, R. B. Evans, M. Fenaux, F. Pallares, E. L. Thacker, C. W. Brockus, M. R. Ackermann, P. Thomas, et al. Effect of Vaccination with Selective Bacterins on Conventional Pigs Infected with Type 2 Porcine Circovirus Vet. Pathol., September 1, 2003; 40(5): 521 - 529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Darwich, S. Pie, A. Rovira, J. Segales, M. Domingo, I. P. Oswald, and E. Mateu Cytokine mRNA expression profiles in lymphoid tissues of pigs naturally affected by postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome J. Gen. Virol., August 1, 2003; 84(8): 2117 - 2125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Calsamiglia, J. Segales, J. Quintana, C. Rosell, and M. Domingo Detection of Porcine Circovirus Types 1 and 2 in Serum and Tissue Samples of Pigs with and without Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome J. Clin. Microbiol., May 1, 2002; 40(5): 1848 - 1850. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Darwich, J. Segales, M. Domingo, and E. Mateu Changes in CD4+, CD8+, CD4+ CD8+, and Immunoglobulin M-Positive Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome-Affected Pigs and Age-Matched Uninfected Wasted and Healthy Pigs Correlate with Lesions and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Load in Lymphoid Tissues Clin. Vaccine Immunol., March 1, 2002; 9(2): 236 - 242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Fenaux, P. G. Halbur, G. Haqshenas, R. Royer, P. Thomas, P. Nawagitgul, M. Gill, T. E. Toth, and X. J. Meng Cloned Genomic DNA of Type 2 Porcine Circovirus Is Infectious When Injected Directly into the Liver and Lymph Nodes of Pigs: Characterization of Clinical Disease, Virus Distribution, and Pathologic Lesions J. Virol., January 15, 2002; 76(2): 541 - 551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Nawagitgul, P. A. Harms, I. Morozov, B. J. Thacker, S. D. Sorden, C. Lekcharoensuk, and P. S. Paul Modified Indirect Porcine Circovirus (PCV) Type 2-Based and Recombinant Capsid Protein (ORF2)-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Detection of Antibodies to PCV Clin. Vaccine Immunol., January 1, 2002; 9(1): 33 - 40. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. V. Phenix, J. H. Weston, I. Ypelaar, A. Lavazza, J. A. Smyth, D. Todd, G. E. Wilcox, and S. R. Raidal Nucleotide sequence analysis of a novel circovirus of canaries and its relationship to other members of the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae J. Gen. Virol., November 1, 2001; 82(11): 2805 - 2809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. A. Harms, S. D. Sorden, P. G. Halbur, S. R. Bolin, K. M. Lager, I. Morozov, and P. S. Paul Experimental Reproduction of Severe Disease in CD/CD Pigs Concurrently Infected with Type 2 Porcine Circovirus and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Vet. Pathol., September 1, 2001; 38(5): 528 - 539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Bendinelli, M. Pistello, F. Maggi, C. Fornai, G. Freer, and M. L. Vatteroni Molecular Properties, Biology, and Clinical Implications of TT Virus, a Recently Identified Widespread Infectious Agent of Humans Clin. Microbiol. Rev., January 1, 2001; 14(1): 98 - 113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Larochelle, A. Bielanski, P. Müller, and R. Magar PCR Detection and Evidence of Shedding of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Boar Semen J. Clin. Microbiol., December 1, 2000; 38(12): 4629 - 4632. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				Q. Liu, L. Wang, P. Willson, and L. A. Babiuk Quantitative, Competitive PCR Analysis of Porcine Circovirus DNA in Serum from Pigs with Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome J. Clin. Microbiol., September 1, 2000; 38(9): 3474 - 3477. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				P. Nawagitgul, I. Morozov, S. R. Bolin, P. A. Harms, S. D. Sorden, and P. S. Paul Open reading frame 2 of porcine circovirus type 2 encodes a major capsid protein J. Gen. Virol., September 1, 2000; 81(9): 2281 - 2287. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Fenaux, P. G. Halbur, M. Gill, T. E. Toth, and X.-J. Meng Genetic Characterization of Type 2 Porcine Circovirus (PCV-2) from Pigs with Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Different Geographic Regions of North America and Development of a Differential PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Assay To Detect and Differentiate between Infections with PCV-1 and PCV-2 J. Clin. Microbiol., July 1, 2000; 38(7): 2494 - 2503. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				D. Mahé, P. Blanchard, C. Truong, C. Arnauld, P. Le Cann, R. Cariolet, F. Madec, E. Albina, and A. Jestin Differential recognition of ORF2 protein from type 1 and type 2 porcine circoviruses and identification of immunorelevant epitopes J. Gen. Virol., July 1, 2000; 81(7): 1815 - 1824. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. Krakowka, J. A. Ellis, B. Meehan, S. Kennedy, F. McNeilly, and G. Allan Viral Wasting Syndrome of Swine: Experimental Reproduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Gnotobiotic Swine by Coinfection with Porcine Circovirus 2 and Porcine Parvovirus Vet. Pathol., May 1, 2000; 37(3): 254 - 263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Ouardani, L. Wilson, R. Jetté, C. Montpetit, and S. Dea Multiplex PCR for Detection and Typing of Porcine Circoviruses J. Clin. Microbiol., December 1, 1999; 37(12): 3917 - 3924. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				I. K. Mushahwar, J. C. Erker, A. S. Muerhoff, T. P. Leary, J. N. Simons, L. G. Birkenmeyer, M. L. Chalmers, T. J. Pilot-Matias, and S. M. Dexai Molecular and biophysical characterization of TT virus: Evidence for a new virus family infecting humans PNAS, March 16, 1999; 96(6): 3177 - 3182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]