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Laboratoire de Phytovirologie des Régions Chaudes, CIRAD/IRD, BP 5035, F-34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France1
Laboratoire de Paléontologie, Paléobiologie et Phylogénie, Institut des Sciences de lEvolution (UMR 5554/CNRS), Université Montpellier II, Place E. Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France2
Author for correspondence: Mustapha Bousalem. Fax +33 4 67 61 56 03. e-mail bousalem{at}mpl.ird.fr
To evaluate the genetic diversity and understand the evolution of Yam mosaic virus (YMV), a highly destructive pathogen of yam (Dioscorea sp.), sequencing was carried out of the C-terminal part of the replicase (NIb), the coat protein (CP) and the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of 27 YMV isolates collected from the three main cultivated species (Dioscorea alata, the complex Dioscorea cayenensisDioscorea rotundata and Dioscorea trifida). YMV showed the most variable CP relative to eight other potyviruses. This high variability was structured into nine distant molecular groups, as revealed by phylogenetic analyses and validated by assessment of the molecular evolutionary noise. No correlation was observed between the CP and 3'-UTR diversities and phylogenies. The most diversified and divergent groups included isolates from Africa. The remaining groups clustered in a single clade and a geographical distinction between isolates from the Caribbean, South America and Africa was observed. The role of the host in the selection of particular isolates was illustrated by the case of a divergent cultivar from Burkina Faso. Phylogenetic topological incongruence and complementary statistical tests highlighted the fact that recombination events, with single and multiple crossover sites, largely contributed to the evolution of YMV. We hypothesise an African origin of YMV from the yam complex D. cayenensisD. rotundata, followed by independent transfers to D. alata and D. trifida during virus evolution.
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