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Animal: RNA Viruses |
Department of Virology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, LUMC P4-26, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands1
Author for correspondence: Eric Snijder. Fax +31 71 5266761. e-mail E.J.Snijder{at}LUMC.NL
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) (Arteriviridae) encodes several structural proteins. Whether any of these also function in viral RNA synthesis is unknown. For the related mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV), it has been suggested that the nucleocapsid protein (N) is involved in viral RNA synthesis. As described for MHV, we established that the EAV N protein colocalizes with the viral replication complex, suggesting a role in RNA synthesis. Using an infectious cDNA clone, point mutations and deletions were engineered in the EAV genome to disrupt the expression of each of the structural genes. All structural proteins, including N, were found to be dispensable for genome replication and subgenomic mRNA transcription. We also constructed a mutant in which translation of the intraleader ORF was disrupted. This mutant had a wild-type phenotype, indicating that, at least in cell culture, the product of this ORF does not play a role in the EAV replication cycle.
This article has been cited by other articles:
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  M. J. van Hemert, A. H. de Wilde, A. E. Gorbalenya, and E. J. Snijder The in Vitro RNA Synthesizing Activity of the Isolated Arterivirus Replication/Transcription Complex Is Dependent on a Host Factor J. Biol. Chem., June 13, 2008; 283(24): 16525 - 16536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. A. Tijms, D. D. Nedialkova, J. C. Zevenhoven-Dobbe, A. E. Gorbalenya, and E. J. Snijder Arterivirus Subgenomic mRNA Synthesis and Virion Biogenesis Depend on the Multifunctional nsp1 Autoprotease J. Virol., October 1, 2007; 81(19): 10496 - 10505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Beerens and E. J. Snijder An RNA Pseudoknot in the 3' End of the Arterivirus Genome Has a Critical Role in Regulating Viral RNA Synthesis J. Virol., September 1, 2007; 81(17): 9426 - 9436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. van den Born, C. C. Posthuma, K. Knoops, and E. J. Snijder An infectious recombinant equine arteritis virus expressing green fluorescent protein from its replicase gene J. Gen. Virol., April 1, 2007; 88(4): 1196 - 1205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. G. Sawicki, D. L. Sawicki, and S. G. Siddell A Contemporary View of Coronavirus Transcription J. Virol., January 1, 2007; 81(1): 20 - 29. [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Beerens and E. J. Snijder RNA signals in the 3' terminus of the genome of Equine arteritis virus are required for viral RNA synthesis J. Gen. Virol., July 1, 2006; 87(7): 1977 - 1983. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. O. Pasternak, W. J. M. Spaan, and E. J. Snijder Nidovirus transcription: how to make sense...? J. Gen. Virol., June 1, 2006; 87(6): 1403 - 1421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. van Aken, E. J. Snijder, and A. E. Gorbalenya Mutagenesis Analysis of the nsp4 Main Proteinase Reveals Determinants of Arterivirus Replicase Polyprotein Autoprocessing. J. Virol., April 1, 2006; 80(7): 3428 - 3437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. C. Posthuma, D. D. Nedialkova, J. C. Zevenhoven-Dobbe, J. H. Blokhuis, A. E. Gorbalenya, and E. J. Snijder Site-Directed Mutagenesis of the Nidovirus Replicative Endoribonuclease NendoU Exerts Pleiotropic Effects on the Arterivirus Life Cycle J. Virol., February 15, 2006; 80(4): 1653 - 1661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y.-J. Choi, S.-I. Yun, S.-Y. Kang, and Y.-M. Lee Identification of 5' and 3' cis-Acting Elements of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Acquisition of Novel 5' AU-Rich Sequences Restored Replication of a 5'-Proximal 7-Nucleotide Deletion Mutant J. Virol., January 15, 2006; 80(2): 723 - 736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. van den Born, D. A. Stein, P. L. Iversen, and E. J. Snijder Antiviral activity of morpholino oligomers designed to block various aspects of Equine arteritis virus amplification in cell culture J. Gen. Virol., November 1, 2005; 86(11): 3081 - 3090. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. H. J. Wissink, M. V. Kroese, H. A. R. van Wijk, F. A. M. Rijsewijk, J. J. M. Meulenberg, and P. J. M. Rottier Envelope Protein Requirements for the Assembly of Infectious Virions of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus J. Virol., October 1, 2005; 79(19): 12495 - 12506. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Schelle, N. Karl, B. Ludewig, S. G. Siddell, and V. Thiel Selective Replication of Coronavirus Genomes That Express Nucleocapsid Protein J. Virol., June 1, 2005; 79(11): 6620 - 6630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. van den Born, C. C. Posthuma, A. P. Gultyaev, and E. J. Snijder Discontinuous Subgenomic RNA Synthesis in Arteriviruses Is Guided by an RNA Hairpin Structure Located in the Genomic Leader Region J. Virol., May 15, 2005; 79(10): 6312 - 6324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Seybert, C. C. Posthuma, L. C. van Dinten, E. J. Snijder, A. E. Gorbalenya, and J. Ziebuhr A Complex Zinc Finger Controls the Enzymatic Activities of Nidovirus Helicases J. Virol., January 15, 2005; 79(2): 696 - 704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. C. Zevenhoven-Dobbe, S. Greve, H. van Tol, W. J. M. Spaan, and E. J. Snijder Rescue of disabled infectious single-cycle (DISC) Equine arteritis virus by using complementing cell lines that express minor structural glycoproteins J. Gen. Virol., December 1, 2004; 85(12): 3709 - 3714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Wieringa, A. A. F. de Vries, J. van der Meulen, G.-J. Godeke, J. J. M. Onderwater, H. van Tol, H. K. Koerten, A. M. Mommaas, E. J. Snijder, and P. J. M. Rottier Structural Protein Requirements in Equine Arteritis Virus Assembly J. Virol., December 1, 2004; 78(23): 13019 - 13027. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Almazan, C. Galan, and L. Enjuanes The Nucleoprotein Is Required for Efficient Coronavirus Genome Replication J. Virol., November 15, 2004; 78(22): 12683 - 12688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. O. Pasternak, W. J. M. Spaan, and E. J. Snijder Regulation of Relative Abundance of Arterivirus Subgenomic mRNAs J. Virol., August 1, 2004; 78(15): 8102 - 8113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. J. Goebel, B. Hsue, T. F. Dombrowski, and P. S. Masters Characterization of the RNA Components of a Putative Molecular Switch in the 3' Untranslated Region of the Murine Coronavirus Genome J. Virol., January 15, 2004; 78(2): 669 - 682. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Wieringa, A. A. F. de Vries, S. M. Post, and P. J. M. Rottier Intra- and Intermolecular Disulfide Bonds of the GP2b Glycoprotein of Equine Arteritis Virus: Relevance for Virus Assembly and Infectivity J. Virol., December 15, 2003; 77(24): 12996 - 13004. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Raman, P. Bouma, G. D. Williams, and D. A. Brian Stem-Loop III in the 5' Untranslated Region Is a cis-Acting Element in Bovine Coronavirus Defective Interfering RNA Replication J. Virol., June 15, 2003; 77(12): 6720 - 6730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Wieringa, A. A. F. de Vries, and P. J. M. Rottier Formation of Disulfide-Linked Complexes between the Three Minor Envelope Glycoproteins (GP2b, GP3, and GP4) of Equine Arteritis Virus J. Virol., June 1, 2003; 77(11): 6216 - 6226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. J. Snijder, J. C. Dobbe, and W. J. M. Spaan Heterodimerization of the Two Major Envelope Proteins Is Essential for Arterivirus Infectivity J. Virol., January 1, 2003; 77(1): 97 - 104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. A. M. de Haan, H. Volders, C. A. Koetzner, P. S. Masters, and P. J. M. Rottier Coronaviruses Maintain Viability despite Dramatic Rearrangements of the Strictly Conserved Genome Organization J. Virol., November 13, 2002; 76(24): 12491 - 12502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Wieringa, A. A. F. de Vries, M. J. B. Raamsman, and P. J. M. Rottier Characterization of Two New Structural Glycoproteins, GP3 and GP4, of Equine Arteritis Virus J. Virol., October 2, 2002; 76(21): 10829 - 10840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. K. Wootton, R. R. R. Rowland, and D. Yoo Phosphorylation of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Nucleocapsid Protein J. Virol., September 11, 2002; 76(20): 10569 - 10576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Tijms, Y. van der Meer, and E. J. Snijder Nuclear localization of non-structural protein 1 and nucleocapsid protein of equine arteritis virus J. Gen. Virol., April 1, 2002; 83(4): 795 - 800. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Gosert, A. Kanjanahaluethai, D. Egger, K. Bienz, and S. C. Baker RNA Replication of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Takes Place at Double-Membrane Vesicles J. Virol., March 19, 2002; 76(8): 3697 - 3708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. H. Verheije, R. C. L. Olsthoorn, M. V. Kroese, P. J. M. Rottier, and J. J. M. Meulenberg Kissing Interaction between 3' Noncoding and Coding Sequences Is Essential for Porcine Arterivirus RNA Replication J. Virol., February 1, 2002; 76(3): 1521 - 1526. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Casais, V. Thiel, S. G. Siddell, D. Cavanagh, and P. Britton Reverse Genetics System for the Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus J. Virol., December 15, 2001; 75(24): 12359 - 12369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. H. Verheije, M. V. Kroese, P. J. M. Rottier, and J. J. M. Meulenberg Viable porcine arteriviruses with deletions proximal to the 3' end of the genome J. Gen. Virol., November 1, 2001; 82(11): 2607 - 2614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Wurm, H. Chen, T. Hodgson, P. Britton, G. Brooks, and J. A. Hiscox Localization to the Nucleolus Is a Common Feature of Coronavirus Nucleoproteins, and the Protein May Disrupt Host Cell Division J. Virol., October 1, 2001; 75(19): 9345 - 9356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Thiel, J. Herold, B. Schelle, and S. G. Siddell Viral Replicase Gene Products Suffice for Coronavirus Discontinuous Transcription J. Virol., July 15, 2001; 75(14): 6676 - 6681. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 X. Shen and P. S. Masters Evaluation of the role of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 as a host factor in murine coronavirus discontinuous transcription and genome replication PNAS, February 15, 2001; (2001) 31424298. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. A. Tijms, L. C. van Dinten, A. E. Gorbalenya, and E. J. Snijder A zinc finger-containing papain-like protease couples subgenomic mRNA synthesis to genome translation in a positive-stranded RNA virus PNAS, February 1, 2001; (2001) 41390398. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. A. Hiscox, T. Wurm, L. Wilson, P. Britton, D. Cavanagh, and G. Brooks The Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Nucleoprotein Localizes to the Nucleolus J. Virol., January 1, 2001; 75(1): 506 - 512. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. O. Pasternak, A. P. Gultyaev, W. J. M. Spaan, and E. J. Snijder Genetic Manipulation of Arterivirus Alternative mRNA Leader-Body Junction Sites Reveals Tight Regulation of Structural Protein Expression J. Virol., December 15, 2000; 74(24): 11642 - 11653. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. Ziebuhr, V. Thiel, and A. E. Gorbalenya The Autocatalytic Release of a Putative RNA Virus Transcription Factor from Its Polyprotein Precursor Involves Two Paralogous Papain-like Proteases That Cleave the Same Peptide Bond J. Biol. Chem., August 24, 2001; 276(35): 33220 - 33232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Shen and P. S. Masters Evaluation of the role of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 as a host factor in murine coronavirus discontinuous transcription and genome replication PNAS, February 27, 2001; 98(5): 2717 - 2722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Tijms, L. C. van Dinten, A. E. Gorbalenya, and E. J. Snijder A zinc finger-containing papain-like protease couples subgenomic mRNA synthesis to genome translation in a positive-stranded RNA virus PNAS, February 13, 2001; 98(4): 1889 - 1894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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