| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Animal: RNA Viruses |
Department of Virology, Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, LUMC P4-26, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands1
Department of Biology, Division of Electron Microscopy, University of Oslo, Norway2
Author for correspondence: Eric Snijder. Fax +31 71 5266761. e-mail E.J.Snijder{at}LUMC.nl
The replicase polyproteins of equine arteritis virus (EAV; family Arteriviridae, order Nidovirales) are processed by three viral proteases to yield 12 non-structural proteins (nsps). The nsp2 and nsp3 cleavage products have previously been found to interact, a property that allows nsp2 to act as a co-factor in the processing of the downstream part of the polyprotein by the nsp4 protease. Remarkably, upon infection of Vero cells, but not of BHK-21 or RK-13 cells, EAV nsp2 is now shown to be subject to an additional, internal, cleavage. In Vero cells, approximately 50% of nsp2 (61 kDa) was cleaved into an 18 kDa N-terminal part and a 44 kDa C-terminal part, most likely by a host cell protease that is absent in BHK-21 and RK-13 cells. Although the functional consequences of this additional processing step are unknown, the experiments in Vero cells revealed that the C-terminal part of nsp2 interacts with nsp3. Most EAV nsps localize to virus-induced double-membrane structures in the perinuclear region of the infected cell, where virus RNA synthesis takes place. It is now shown that, in an expression system, the co-expression of nsp2 and nsp3 is both necessary and sufficient to induce the formation of double-membrane structures that strikingly resemble those found in infected cells. Thus, the nsp2 and nsp3 cleavage products play a crucial role in two processes that are common to positive-strand RNA viruses that replicate in mammalian cells: controlled proteolysis of replicase precursors and membrane association of the virus replication complex.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  L. Zhou, J. Zhang, J. Zeng, S. Yin, Y. Li, L. Zheng, X. Guo, X. Ge, and H. Yang The 30-Amino-Acid Deletion in the Nsp2 of Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Emerging in China Is Not Related to Its Virulence J. Virol., May 15, 2009; 83(10): 5156 - 5167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Oostra, M. C. Hagemeijer, M. van Gent, C. P. J. Bekker, E. G. te Lintelo, P. J. M. Rottier, and C. A. M. de Haan Topology and Membrane Anchoring of the Coronavirus Replication Complex: Not All Hydrophobic Domains of nsp3 and nsp6 Are Membrane Spanning J. Virol., December 15, 2008; 82(24): 12392 - 12405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. van Hemert, A. H. de Wilde, A. E. Gorbalenya, and E. J. Snijder The in Vitro RNA Synthesizing Activity of the Isolated Arterivirus Replication/Transcription Complex Is Dependent on a Host Factor J. Biol. Chem., June 13, 2008; 283(24): 16525 - 16536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. C. Posthuma, K. W. Pedersen, Z. Lu, R. G. Joosten, N. Roos, J. C. Zevenhoven-Dobbe, and E. J. Snijder Formation of the Arterivirus Replication/Transcription Complex: a Key Role for Nonstructural Protein 3 in the Remodeling of Intracellular Membranes J. Virol., May 1, 2008; 82(9): 4480 - 4491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. V. Kroese, J. C. Zevenhoven-Dobbe, J. N. A. Bos-de Ruijter, B. P. H. Peeters, J. J. M. Meulenberg, L. A. H. M. Cornelissen, and E. J. Snijder The nsp1{alpha} and nsp1 papain-like autoproteinases are essential for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus RNA synthesis J. Gen. Virol., February 1, 2008; 89(2): 494 - 499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P. Taylor and K. Kirkegaard Modification of Cellular Autophagy Protein LC3 by Poliovirus J. Virol., November 15, 2007; 81(22): 12543 - 12553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Sparks, X. Lu, and M. R. Denison Genetic Analysis of Murine Hepatitis Virus nsp4 in Virus Replication J. Virol., November 15, 2007; 81(22): 12554 - 12563. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Tijms, D. D. Nedialkova, J. C. Zevenhoven-Dobbe, A. E. Gorbalenya, and E. J. Snijder Arterivirus Subgenomic mRNA Synthesis and Virion Biogenesis Depend on the Multifunctional nsp1 Autoprotease J. Virol., October 1, 2007; 81(19): 10496 - 10505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Han, G. Liu, Y. Wang, and K. S. Faaberg Identification of Nonessential Regions of the nsp2 Replicase Protein of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strain VR-2332 for Replication in Cell Culture J. Virol., September 15, 2007; 81(18): 9878 - 9890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. van den Born, C. C. Posthuma, K. Knoops, and E. J. Snijder An infectious recombinant equine arteritis virus expressing green fluorescent protein from its replicase gene J. Gen. Virol., April 1, 2007; 88(4): 1196 - 1205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. Swanson Autophagy: Eating for Good Health J. Immunol., October 15, 2006; 177(8): 4945 - 4951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J. Snijder, Y. van der Meer, J. Zevenhoven-Dobbe, J. J. M. Onderwater, J. van der Meulen, H. K. Koerten, and A. M. Mommaas Ultrastructure and Origin of Membrane Vesicles Associated with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Replication Complex. J. Virol., June 1, 2006; 80(12): 5927 - 5940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Wieringa, A. A. F. de Vries, J. van der Meulen, G.-J. Godeke, J. J. M. Onderwater, H. van Tol, H. K. Koerten, A. M. Mommaas, E. J. Snijder, and P. J. M. Rottier Structural Protein Requirements in Equine Arteritis Virus Assembly J. Virol., December 1, 2004; 78(23): 13019 - 13027. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. A. Ivanov, V. Thiel, J. C. Dobbe, Y. van der Meer, E. J. Snijder, and J. Ziebuhr Multiple Enzymatic Activities Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Helicase J. Virol., June 1, 2004; 78(11): 5619 - 5632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Denison, B. Yount, S. M. Brockway, R. L. Graham, A. C. Sims, X. Lu, and R. S. Baric Cleavage between Replicase Proteins p28 and p65 of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Is Not Required for Virus Replication J. Virol., June 1, 2004; 78(11): 5957 - 5965. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. L. Ropp, C. E. M. Wees, Y. Fang, E. A. Nelson, K. D. Rossow, M. Bien, B. Arndt, S. Preszler, P. Steen, J. Christopher-Hennings, et al. Characterization of Emerging European-Like Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Isolates in the United States J. Virol., April 1, 2004; 78(7): 3684 - 3703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. B. R. Balasuriya, J. F. Hedges, V. L. Smalley, A. Navarrette, W. H. McCollum, P. J. Timoney, E. J. Snijder, and N. J. MacLachlan Genetic characterization of equine arteritis virus during persistent infection of stallions J. Gen. Virol., February 1, 2004; 85(2): 379 - 390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.-M. Lee and P. Ahlquist Membrane Synthesis, Specific Lipid Requirements, and Localized Lipid Composition Changes Associated with a Positive-Strand RNA Virus RNA Replication Protein J. Virol., December 1, 2003; 77(23): 12819 - 12828. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Brockway, C. T. Clay, X. T. Lu, and M. R. Denison Characterization of the Expression, Intracellular Localization, and Replication Complex Association of the Putative Mouse Hepatitis Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase J. Virol., October 1, 2003; 77(19): 10515 - 10527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Tijms and E. J. Snijder Equine arteritis virus non-structural protein 1, an essential factor for viral subgenomic mRNA synthesis, interacts with the cellular transcription co-factor p100 J. Gen. Virol., September 1, 2003; 84(9): 2317 - 2322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Gosert, D. Egger, V. Lohmann, R. Bartenschlager, H. E. Blum, K. Bienz, and D. Moradpour Identification of the Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication Complex in Huh-7 Cells Harboring Subgenomic Replicons J. Virol., May 1, 2003; 77(9): 5487 - 5492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Salonen, L. Vasiljeva, A. Merits, J. Magden, E. Jokitalo, and L. Kaariainen Properly Folded Nonstructural Polyprotein Directs the Semliki Forest Virus Replication Complex to the Endosomal Compartment J. Virol., February 1, 2003; 77(3): 1691 - 1702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. J. Salanueva, R. R. Novoa, P. Cabezas, C. Lopez-Iglesias, J. L. Carrascosa, R. M. Elliott, and C. Risco Polymorphism and Structural Maturation of Bunyamwera Virus in Golgi and Post-Golgi Compartments J. Virol., December 20, 2002; 77(2): 1368 - 1381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Egger, B. Wolk, R. Gosert, L. Bianchi, H. E. Blum, D. Moradpour, and K. Bienz Expression of Hepatitis C Virus Proteins Induces Distinct Membrane Alterations Including a Candidate Viral Replication Complex J. Virol., May 13, 2002; 76(12): 5974 - 5984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Carette, J. van Lent, S. A. MacFarlane, J. Wellink, and A. van Kammen Cowpea Mosaic Virus 32- and 60-Kilodalton Replication Proteins Target and Change the Morphology of Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes J. Virol., May 13, 2002; 76(12): 6293 - 6301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Tijms, Y. van der Meer, and E. J. Snijder Nuclear localization of non-structural protein 1 and nucleocapsid protein of equine arteritis virus J. Gen. Virol., April 1, 2002; 83(4): 795 - 800. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Gosert, A. Kanjanahaluethai, D. Egger, K. Bienz, and S. C. Baker RNA Replication of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Takes Place at Double-Membrane Vesicles J. Virol., March 19, 2002; 76(8): 3697 - 3708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Brass, E. Bieck, R. Montserret, B. Wolk, J. A. Hellings, H. E. Blum, F. Penin, and D. Moradpour An Amino-terminal Amphipathic alpha -Helix Mediates Membrane Association of the Hepatitis C Virus Nonstructural Protein 5A J. Biol. Chem., March 1, 2002; 277(10): 8130 - 8139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| INT J SYST EVOL MICROBIOL | MICROBIOLOGY | J GEN VIROL |
| J MED MICROBIOL | ALL SGM JOURNALS | |
