| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Review article |
Wright–Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
Correspondence
Charles Bangham
c.bangham{at}imperial.ac.uk
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) varies little in sequence compared with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) and it is difficult to detect HTLV-1 mRNA, proteins or virions in fresh blood. But the strong and chronically activated T cell response to the virus indicates that HTLV-1 proteins are expressed persistently. It now appears that the efficiency of an individual's cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response to HTLV-1 is the chief single determinant of that person's provirus load, which can differ between HTLV-1-infected people by more than 10 000-fold. Progress is now being made towards defining this CTL ‘efficiency’ in terms of host genetics, T cell function, T cell gene expression and mathematical dynamics. Lymphocytes that are naturally infected with HTLV-1 do not produce enveloped extracellular virions in short-term culture and this has reinforced the erroneous conclusion that the virus is latent. But recent evidence shows that HTLV-1 can spread directly between lymphocytes across a specialized, virus-induced cell–cell contact – a ‘viral synapse’. Instead of making extracellular virions, HTLV-1 uses the mobility of the host cell to spread within and between hosts. In this review the evidence is summarized on the persistent gene expression of HTLV-1 in vivo, the role of the immune system in protection and pathogenesis in HTLV-1 infection, and the mechanism of cell-to-cell spread of HTLV-1.
Published ahead of print on 11 September 2003 as DOI 10.1099/vir.0.19334-0.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  F. Toulza, A. Heaps, Y. Tanaka, G. P. Taylor, and C. R. M. Bangham High frequency of CD4+FoxP3+ cells in HTLV-1 infection: inverse correlation with HTLV-1-specific CTL response Blood, May 15, 2008; 111(10): 5047 - 5053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Hieshima, D. Nagakubo, T. Nakayama, A.-K. Shirakawa, Z. Jin, and O. Yoshie Tax-Inducible Production of CC Chemokine Ligand 22 by Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)-Infected T Cells Promotes Preferential Transmission of HTLV-1 to CCR4-Expressing CD4+ T Cells J. Immunol., January 15, 2008; 180(2): 931 - 939. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Jolly, I. Mitar, and Q. J. Sattentau Requirement for an Intact T-Cell Actin and Tubulin Cytoskeleton for Efficient Assembly and Spread of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 J. Virol., June 1, 2007; 81(11): 5547 - 5560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Mosley, K. N. Meekings, C. McCarthy, D. Shepherd, V. Cerundolo, R. Mazitschek, Y. Tanaka, G. P. Taylor, and C. R. Bangham Histone deacetylase inhibitors increase virus gene expression but decrease CD8+ cell antiviral function in HTLV-1 infection Blood, December 1, 2006; 108(12): 3801 - 3807. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Kozako, N. Arima, S. Toji, I. Masamoto, M. Akimoto, H. Hamada, X.-F. Che, H. Fujiwara, K. Matsushita, M. Tokunaga, et al. Reduced Frequency, Diversity, and Function of Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Specific CD8+ T Cell in Adult T Cell Leukemia Patients J. Immunol., October 15, 2006; 177(8): 5718 - 5726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Grant, P. Jain, M. Nonnemacher, K. E. Flaig, B. Irish, J. Ahuja, A. Alexaki, T. Alefantis, and B. Wigdahl AP-1-directed human T cell leukemia virus type 1 viral gene expression during monocytic differentiation J. Leukoc. Biol., September 1, 2006; 80(3): 640 - 650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Focosi, M. Petrini, H. Tamaki, and M. Matsuoka More on donor-derived T-cell leukemia after bone marrow transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med., July 13, 2006; 355(2): 212 - 213. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Kazanji, J.-M. Heraud, F. Merien, C. Pique, G. de The, A. Gessain, and S. Jacobson Chimeric peptide vaccine composed of B- and T-cell epitopes of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 induces humoral and cellular immune responses and reduces the proviral load in immunized squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). J. Gen. Virol., May 1, 2006; 87(Pt 5): 1331 - 1337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P.-E. Ceccaldi, F. Delebecque, M.-C. Prevost, A. Moris, J.-P. Abastado, A. Gessain, O. Schwartz, and S. Ozden DC-SIGN Facilitates Fusion of Dendritic Cells with Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Infected Cells. J. Virol., May 1, 2006; 80(10): 4771 - 4780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-j. Kim, A. M. Nair, S. Fernandez, L. Mathes, and M. D. Lairmore Enhancement of LFA-1-Mediated T Cell Adhesion by Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 p12I1 J. Immunol., May 1, 2006; 176(9): 5463 - 5470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Matsuda, M. Tomita, J.-N. Uchihara, T. Okudaira, K. Ohshiro, T. Tomoyose, T. Ikema, M. Masuda, M. Saito, M. Osame, et al. Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type I-Infected Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and Graves' Disease J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2005; 90(10): 5704 - 5710. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Jolly and Q. J. Sattentau Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virological Synapse Formation in T Cells Requires Lipid Raft Integrity J. Virol., September 15, 2005; 79(18): 12088 - 12094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. L. Barnard, T. Igakura, Y. Tanaka, G. P. Taylor, and C. R.M. Bangham Engagement of specific T-cell surface molecules regulates cytoskeletal polarization in HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes Blood, August 1, 2005; 106(3): 988 - 995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Achachi, A. Florins, N. Gillet, C. Debacq, P. Urbain, G. M. Foutsop, F. Vandermeers, A. Jasik, M. Reichert, P. Kerkhofs, et al. Valproate activates bovine leukemia virus gene expression, triggers apoptosis, and induces leukemia/lymphoma regression in vivo PNAS, July 19, 2005; 102(29): 10309 - 10314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Lemey, S. Van Dooren, and A.-M. Vandamme Evolutionary Dynamics of Human Retroviruses Investigated Through Full-Genome Scanning Mol. Biol. Evol., April 1, 2005; 22(4): 942 - 951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. L. Traina-Dorge, R. Lorino, B. J. Gormus, M. Metzger, P. Telfer, D. Richardson, D. L. Robertson, P. A. Marx, and C. Apetrei Molecular Epidemiology of Simian T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 in Wild and Captive Sooty Mangabeys J. Virol., February 15, 2005; 79(4): 2541 - 2548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Vine, A. G. Heaps, L. Kaftantzi, A. Mosley, B. Asquith, A. Witkover, G. Thompson, M. Saito, P. K. C. Goon, L. Carr, et al. The Role of CTLs in Persistent Viral Infection: Cytolytic Gene Expression in CD8+ Lymphocytes Distinguishes between Individuals with a High or Low Proviral Load of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 J. Immunol., October 15, 2004; 173(8): 5121 - 5129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| INT J SYST EVOL MICROBIOL | MICROBIOLOGY | J GEN VIROL |
| J MED MICROBIOL | ALL SGM JOURNALS | |
