| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Flavivirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
Correspondence
M. L. Ng
micngml{at}nus.edu.sg
The mechanism of West Nile (WN) virus-induced cell death is determined by the initial infectious dose. In Vero cells infected with WN virus at an m.o.i. of 10 or greater, morphological changes characteristic of necrosis were observed as early as 8 h post-infection (p.i.). Pathological changes included extensive cell swelling and loss of plasma membrane integrity, as revealed by optical and electron microscopy. High extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was observed together with leakage of the high mobility group 1 (HMGB1) protein into the extracellular space. When cells undergo necrosis, they release the HMGB1 protein, a pro-inflammatory mediator cytokine. At high infectious doses, loss of cell plasma membrane integrity was due to the profuse budding of WN progeny virus particles during maturation. When this profuse budding process was disrupted using cytochalasin B, LDH activity was reduced dramatically. In contrast, WN virus-induced cell killing occurred predominantly by apoptosis when cells were infected with an m.o.i. of 
1; the process of apoptosis observed was much later after infection (32 h p.i.). Fragmentation of DNA, chromatin condensation and formation of apoptotic bodies were all observed. This WN virus-induced apoptosis pathway was initiated by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria and was accompanied by the formation of apoptosomes. In turn, this led to the activation of caspase-9 and –3, and to the cleavage of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  G. van Marle, J. Antony, H. Ostermann, C. Dunham, T. Hunt, W. Halliday, F. Maingat, M. D. Urbanowski, T. Hobman, J. Peeling, et al. West Nile Virus-Induced Neuroinflammation: Glial Infection and Capsid Protein-Mediated Neurovirulence J. Virol., October 15, 2007; 81(20): 10933 - 10949. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Samuel, J. D. Morrey, and M. S. Diamond Caspase 3-Dependent Cell Death of Neurons Contributes to the Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus Encephalitis J. Virol., March 15, 2007; 81(6): 2614 - 2623. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. A. GIRARD, B. S. SCHNEIDER, C. E. MCGEE, J. WEN, V. C. HAN, V. POPOV, P. W. MASON, and S. HIGGS SALIVARY GLAND MORPHOLOGY AND VIRUS TRANSMISSION DURING LONG-TERM CYTOPATHOLOGIC WEST NILE VIRUS INFECTION IN CULEX MOSQUITOES Am J Trop Med Hyg, January 1, 2007; 76(1): 118 - 128. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Oh, M.-R. Yang, E.-W. Lee, K.-m. Park, S. Pyo, J.-s. Yang, H.-W. Lee, and J. Song Jab1 Mediates Cytoplasmic Localization and Degradation of West Nile Virus Capsid Protein J. Biol. Chem., October 6, 2006; 281(40): 30166 - 30174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Jiang and D. S. Pisetsky The Role of IFN-{alpha} and Nitric Oxide in the Release of HMGB1 by RAW 264.7 Cells Stimulated with Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid or Lipopolysaccharide. J. Immunol., September 1, 2006; 177(5): 3337 - 3343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. S. Guo, A. Naik, M. E. O'Malley, P. Popovic, R. Demarco, Y. Hu, X. Yin, S. Yang, H. J. Zeh, B. Moss, et al. The Enhanced Tumor Selectivity of an Oncolytic Vaccinia Lacking the Host Range and Antiapoptosis Genes SPI-1 and SPI-2 Cancer Res., November 1, 2005; 65(21): 9991 - 9998. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W.-C. Shyu, S.-Z. Lin, M.-F. Chiang, D.-C. Ding, K.-W. Li, S.-F. Chen, H.-I Yang, and H. Li Overexpression of PrPC by Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Targeting Reduces Ischemic Injury in a Stroke Rat Model J. Neurosci., September 28, 2005; 25(39): 8967 - 8977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-J. Lee, C.-L. Liao, and Y.-L. Lin Flavivirus Activates Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signaling To Block Caspase-Dependent Apoptotic Cell Death at the Early Stage of Virus Infection J. Virol., July 1, 2005; 79(13): 8388 - 8399. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Joseph, A. Cepica, L. Brown, B. O. Ikede, and F. S. B. Kibenge Mechanism of cell death during infectious salmon anemia virus infection is cell type-specific J. Gen. Virol., October 1, 2004; 85(10): 3027 - 3036. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| INT J SYST EVOL MICROBIOL | MICROBIOLOGY | J GEN VIROL |
| J MED MICROBIOL | ALL SGM JOURNALS | |
