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Liao ning virus, a new Chinese seadornavirus that replicates in transformed and embryonic mammalian cells

¹ Unité des Virus Emergents EA3292, Etablissement Français du Sang Alpes-Méditerranée and Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille cedex 5, France
² Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying Xin Jie, Xuan Wu Qu, Beijing 100052, China
³ Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
⁴ Maladies Virales Emergentes et Systèmes d'Information UR 034, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France

Correspondence
Houssam Attoui
h-attoui-ets-ap{at}gulliver.fr

Seadornaviruses are emerging arboviral pathogens from the south-east of Asia. The genus Seadornavirus contains two distinct species, Banna virus (BAV) isolated from humans with encephalitis and Kadipiro virus. BAV replicates within insect cells and mice but not in cultured mammalian cells. Here, the discovery of Liao ning virus (LNV), a new seadornavirus from the Aedes dorsalis mosquito, which was completely sequenced and was found to be related to BAV and Kadipiro virus, is reported. Two serotypes of LNV could be distinguished by a serum neutralization assay. According to amino acid identity with other seadornaviruses, and to criteria set by the ICTV for species delineation, LNV was identified as a member of a new species of virus. Its morphology was characterized by electron microscopy and found to be similar to that of BAV. LNV is the first reported seadornavirus that replicates in mammalian cells, leading to massive cytopathic effect in all transformed or embryonic cell lines tested. LNV- and BAV-infected mice producing a viraemia lasting for 5 days was followed by viral clearance. Mice infection generated virus quasi-species for LNV (the first reported observation for quasi-species in the family Reoviridae) but not for BAV. Challenge with BAV in mice immunized against BAV did not lead to productive infection. However, challenge with LNV in mice immunized against LNV was lethal with a new phase of viraemia and massive haemorrhage.

A table showing the sequences used in RdRps phylogenetic analysis of seadornaviruses is available as supplementary material in JGV Online.