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Regulation of intracellular signalling by the terminal membrane proteins of members of the Gammaherpesvirinae

Melanie M. Brinkmann

Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany

Correspondence
Melanie M. Brinkmann
brinkmann{at}wi.mit.edu
Thomas F. Schulz
Schulz.Thomas{at}MH-Hannover.de

The human ₁-herpesvirus Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and the ₂-herpesviruses Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), rhesus rhadinovirus (RRV), herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) and herpesvirus ateles (HVA) all contain genes located adjacent to the terminal-repeat region of their genomes, encoding membrane proteins involved in signal transduction. Designated ‘terminal membrane proteins' (TMPs) because of their localization in the viral genome, they interact with a variety of cellular signalling molecules, such as non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases, tumour-necrosis factor receptor-associated factors, Ras and Janus kinase (JAK), thereby initiating further downstream signalling cascades, such as the MAPK, PI3K/Akt, NF-B and JAK/STAT pathways. In the case of TMPs expressed during latent persistence of EBV and HVS (LMP1, LMP2A, Stp and Tip), their modulation of intracellular signalling pathways has been linked to the provision of survival signals to latently infected cells and, hence, a contribution to occasional cellular transformation. In contrast, activation of similar pathways by TMPs of KSHV (K1 and K15) and RRV (R1), expressed during lytic replication, may extend the lifespan of virus-producing cells, alter their migration and/or modulate antiviral immune responses. Whether R1 and K1 contribute to the oncogenic properties of KSHV and RRV has not been established satisfactorily, despite their transforming qualities in experimental settings.

Published online ahead of print on 23 February 2006 as DOI 10.1099/vir.0.81598-0.

Present address: Whitehead Institute of Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.

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