| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Review article |
Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
Correspondence
John Sinclair
js{at}mole.bio.cam.ac.uk
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) persists as a subclinical, lifelong infection in the normal human host, maintained at least in part by its carriage in the absence of detectable infectious virus – the hallmark of latent infection. Reactivation from latency in immunocompromised individuals, in contrast, often results in serious disease. Latency and reactivation are defining characteristics of the herpesviruses and key to understanding their biology. However, the precise cellular sites in which HCMV is carried and the mechanisms regulating its latency and reactivation during natural infection remain poorly understood. This review will detail our current knowledge of where HCMV is carried in healthy individuals, which viral genes are expressed upon carriage of the virus and what effect this has on cellular gene expression. It will also address the accumulating evidence suggesting that reactivation of HCMV from latency appears to be linked intrinsically to the differentiation status of the myeloid cell, and how the cellular mechanisms that normally control host gene expression play a critical role in the differential regulation of viral gene expression during latency and reactivation.
Published online ahead of print on 15 March 2006 as DOI 10.1099/vir.0.81891-0.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  O. Ashiru, N. J. Bennett, L. H. Boyle, M. Thomas, J. Trowsdale, and M. R. Wills NKG2D Ligand MICA Is Retained in the cis-Golgi Apparatus by Human Cytomegalovirus Protein UL142 J. Virol., December 1, 2009; 83(23): 12345 - 12354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P.-C. Chang, L. D. Fitzgerald, A. Van Geelen, Y. Izumiya, T. J. Ellison, D.-H. Wang, D. K. Ann, P. A. Luciw, and H.-J. Kung Kruppel-Associated Box Domain-Associated Protein-1 as a Latency Regulator for Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus and Its Modulation by the Viral Protein Kinase Cancer Res., July 15, 2009; 69(14): 5681 - 5689. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Yuan, X. Liu, A. W. Wu, P. W. McGonagill, M. J. Keller, C. S. Galle, and J. L. Meier Breaking Human Cytomegalovirus Major Immediate-Early Gene Silence by Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Stimulation of the Protein Kinase A-CREB-TORC2 Signaling Cascade in Human Pluripotent Embryonal NTera2 Cells J. Virol., July 1, 2009; 83(13): 6391 - 6403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. R. LaSala, J. Yarsa, D. V. Nguyen, X. Y. Han, and J. Tarrand Evaluation of an Abbreviated Protocol for Cytomegalovirus pp65 Antigenemia Testing Am J Clin Pathol, April 1, 2009; 131(4): 526 - 531. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Crough and R. Khanna Immunobiology of Human Cytomegalovirus: from Bench to Bedside Clin. Microbiol. Rev., January 1, 2009; 22(1): 76 - 98. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. L. Sharp, N. J. Davis-Poynter, and H. E. Farrell Analysis of the subcellular trafficking properties of murine cytomegalovirus M78, a 7 transmembrane receptor homologue J. Gen. Virol., January 1, 2009; 90(1): 59 - 68. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Fodil-Cornu, S.-H. Lee, S. Belanger, A. P. Makrigiannis, C. A. Biron, R. M. Buller, and S. M. Vidal Ly49h-Deficient C57BL/6 Mice: A New Mouse Cytomegalovirus-Susceptible Model Remains Resistant to Unrelated Pathogens Controlled by the NK Gene Complex J. Immunol., November 1, 2008; 181(9): 6394 - 6405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Gustems, A. Busche, M. Messerle, P. Ghazal, and A. Angulo In Vivo Competence of Murine Cytomegalovirus under the Control of the Human Cytomegalovirus Major Immediate-Early Enhancer in the Establishment of Latency and Reactivation J. Virol., October 15, 2008; 82(20): 10302 - 10307. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. F. Kalejta Tegument Proteins of Human Cytomegalovirus Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., June 1, 2008; 72(2): 249 - 265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Luganini, P. Caposio, S. Landolfo, and G. Gribaudo Phosphorothioate-Modified Oligodeoxynucleotides Inhibit Human Cytomegalovirus Replication by Blocking Virus Entry Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., March 1, 2008; 52(3): 1111 - 1120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Stapler, E. D. Lee, S. A. Selvaraj, A. G. Evans, L. S. Kean, S. H. Speck, C. P. Larsen, and S. Gangappa Expansion of Effector Memory TCR V{beta}4+CD8+ T Cells Is Associated with Latent Infection-Mediated Resistance to Transplantation Tolerance J. Immunol., March 1, 2008; 180(5): 3190 - 3200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Michaelis, T. A. T. Ha, H. W. Doerr, and J. Cinatl Jr Valproic acid interferes with antiviral treatment in human cytomegalovirus-infected endothelial cells Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2008; 77(3): 544 - 550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. Price, A. D. Bitmansour, J. B. Edgar, J. M. Walker, M. K. Axthelm, D. C. Douek, and L. J. Picker Induction and Evolution of Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD4+ T Cell Clonotypes in Rhesus Macaques J. Immunol., January 1, 2008; 180(1): 269 - 280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Nelson Small RNAs and Large DNA Viruses N. Engl. J. Med., December 20, 2007; 357(25): 2630 - 2632. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. C. P. Waller, N. McKinney, R. Hicks, A. J. Carmichael, J. G. P. Sissons, and M. R. Wills Differential costimulation through CD137 (4 1BB) restores proliferation of human virus-specific "effector memory" (CD28 CD45RAHI) CD8+ T cells Blood, December 15, 2007; 110(13): 4360 - 4366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. J. Groves and J. H. Sinclair Knockdown of hDaxx in normally non-permissive undifferentiated cells does not permit human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene expression J. Gen. Virol., November 1, 2007; 88(11): 2935 - 2940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. T. Saffert and R. F. Kalejta Human Cytomegalovirus Gene Expression Is Silenced by Daxx-Mediated Intrinsic Immune Defense in Model Latent Infections Established In Vitro J. Virol., September 1, 2007; 81(17): 9109 - 9120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Egli, S. Binggeli, S. Bodaghi, A. Dumoulin, G. A. Funk, N. Khanna, D. Leuenberger, R. Gosert, and H. H. Hirsch Cytomegalovirus and polyomavirus BK posttransplant Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 1, 2007; 22(suppl_8): viii72 - viii82. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. O. Simon, B. Kuhnapfel, M. J. Reddehase, and N. K. A. Grzimek Murine Cytomegalovirus Major Immediate-Early Enhancer Region Operating as a Genetic Switch in Bidirectional Gene Pair Transcription J. Virol., July 15, 2007; 81(14): 7805 - 7810. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. M. Marty, J. Bryar, S. K. Browne, T. Schwarzberg, V. T. Ho, I. V. Bassett, J. Koreth, E. P. Alyea, R. J. Soiffer, C. S. Cutler, et al. Sirolimus-based graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis protects against cytomegalovirus reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a cohort analysis Blood, July 15, 2007; 110(2): 490 - 500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. O. Simon, R. Holtappels, H.-M. Tervo, V. Bohm, T. Daubner, S. A. Oehrlein-Karpi, B. Kuhnapfel, A. Renzaho, D. Strand, J. Podlech, et al. CD8 T Cells Control Cytomegalovirus Latency by Epitope-Specific Sensing of Transcriptional Reactivation J. Virol., November 1, 2006; 80(21): 10436 - 10456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| INT J SYST EVOL MICROBIOL | MICROBIOLOGY | J GEN VIROL |
| J MED MICROBIOL | ALL SGM JOURNALS | |
