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1 Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
2 Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy
3 Amgen, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
4 Department of Pediatrics, University Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
Correspondence
Margherita Doria
doria{at}uniroma2.it
Natural killer (NK) cells are a major component of the host innate immune defence against various pathogens. Several viruses, including Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), have developed strategies to evade the NK-cell response. This study was designed to evaluate whether HIV-1 could interfere with the expression of NK cell-activating ligands, specifically the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-I-like MICA and ULBP molecules that bind NKG2D, an activating receptor expressed by all NK cells. Results show that the HIV-1 Nef protein downmodulates cell-surface expression of MICA, ULBP1 and ULBP2, with a stronger effect on the latter molecule. The activity on MICA and ULBP2 is well conserved in Nef protein variants derived from HIV-1-infected patients. In HIV-1-infected cells, cell-surface expression of NKG2D ligands increased to a higher extent with a Nef-deficient virus compared with wild-type virus. Mutational analysis of Nef showed that NKG2D ligand downmodulation has structural requirements that differ from those of other reported Nef activities, including HLA-I downmodulation. Finally, data demonstrate that Nef expression has functional consequences on NK-cell recognition, causing a decreased susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis. These findings provide a novel insight into the mechanisms evolved by HIV-1 to escape from the NK-cell response.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Present address: Virus and Immunity Group, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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