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Identification of novel porcine and bovine parvoviruses closely related to human parvovirus 4

Susanna K. P. Lau^1,2,3,

Patrick C. Y. Woo^1,2,3,

Herman Tse^1,2,3,

¹ State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, Hong Kong SAR
² Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
³ Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
⁴ Food and Environmental Hygiene Department, Hong Kong SAR
⁵ Shenzhen East Lake Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
⁶ Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong SAR
⁷ Department of Clinical Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR
⁸ Department of Clinical Pathology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong SAR
⁹ Department of Clinical Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong SAR
¹⁰ Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong SAR
¹¹ Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR

Correspondence
Kwok-Yung Yuen
kyyuen{at}hkucc.hku.hk

Human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), a recently discovered parvovirus found exclusively in human plasma and liver tissue, was considered phylogenetically distinct from other parvoviruses. Here, we report the discovery of two novel parvoviruses closely related to PARV4, porcine hokovirus (PHoV) and bovine hokovirus (BHoV), from porcine and bovine samples in Hong Kong. Their nearly full-length sequences were also analysed. PARV4-like viruses were detected by PCR among 44.4 % (148/333) of porcine samples (including lymph nodes, liver, serum, nasopharyngeal and faecal samples), 13 % (4/32) of bovine spleen samples and 2 % (7/362) of human serum samples that were sent for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus antibody tests. Three distinct parvoviruses were identified, including two novel parvoviruses, PHoV and BHoV, from porcine and bovine samples and PARV4 from humans, respectively. Analysis of genome sequences from seven PHoV strains, from three BHoV strains and from one PARV4 strain showed that the two animal parvoviruses were most similar to PARV4 with 61.5–63 % nt identities and, together with PARV4 (HHoV), formed a distinct cluster within the family Parvoviridae. The three parvoviruses also differed from other parvoviruses by their relatively large predicted VP1 protein and the presence of a small unique conserved putative protein. Based on these results, we propose a separate genus, Hokovirus, to describe these three parvoviruses. The co-detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, the agent associated with the recent ‘high fever’ disease outbreaks in pigs in China, from our porcine samples warrants further investigation.

These authors contributed equally to this work.

The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ sequence accession numbers for the sequences reported in this study are EU200667–EU200677.

Supplementary tables are available with the online version of this paper.