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Molecular characterization of human rhinovirus field strains isolated during surveillance of enteroviruses

National Public Health Institute

¹ E-mail: soile.blomqvist{at}ktl.fi

Human rhinoviruses (HRV), which are the most frequent causative agents of acute upper respiratory infections, are abundant worldwide. We have identified HRV strains in environmental specimens collected in Finland, Latvia and Slovakia during the surveillance of polio- and other enteroviruses. These acid-sensitive HRV strains were isolated under conditions optimised for growth of most of the enteroviruses, i.e. in stationary human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells incubated at +36°C. In phylogenetic analysis of sequences derived from partial 5' non-coding region and the capsid region coding for proteins VP4/VP2 and VP1, respectively, the HRV field strains clustered together with prototype strains of HRV minor receptor group. Partial sequences of the 3D polymerase coding region mostly also followed this pattern, with the exception of a set of three HRV field strains that formed a subcluster not close to any of the established HRV-A types, proposing that recombination may have occurred during evolution of these HRV strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP4/VP2 capsid protein coding region showed that the "environmental" HRV field strains were practically identical to HRV strains recently sequenced by others in Australia, the United States and Japan. Analysis of amino acids corresponding to the ICAM-1 receptor footprint in major receptor group HRV and, on the other hand, in the LDL receptor footprint of minor receptor group HRV showed conservation of the "minor receptor group-like" amino acids indicating that the field strains may have maintained their minor receptor group specificity.

Received 4 November 2008; accepted 3 February 2009.