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Published online ahead of print on 6 May 2009 as doi:10.1099/vir.0.011437-0
Journal of General Virology 2009;90:1781.

A more recent version of this article appeared on August 1, 2009 J Gen Virol (2009), DOI 10.1099/vir.0.011437-0
© 2009 Society for General Microbiology
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Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus – a Review of an Emerging Zoonosis

Karen L. Mansfield1, Nicholas Johnson1, L. Paul Phipps1, John R. Stephenson2, Anthony R. Fooks1 and Tom Solomon3,4

1 Veterinary Laboratories Agency;
2 Health Protection Agency;
3 University of Liverpool

4 E-mail: tsolomon{at}liv.ac.uk

During the last thirty years, there has been a continued increase in human cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe, a disease caused by Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). TBEV is endemic in an area ranging from Northern China and Japan, through Far-eastern Russia, to Europe, and is maintained in cycles involving Ixodid ticks (Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus) and wild vertebrate hosts. The virus causes a potentially fatal neurological infection, with thousands of cases reported annually throughout Europe. TBE has a significant mortality rate depending upon the strain of virus, or may cause long-term neurological/neuropsychiatric sequelae in people affected. In this review, we comprehensively review TBEV, its epidemiology and pathogenesis, the clinical manifestations of TBE, along with vaccination and prevention. We also discuss the factors which may have influenced an apparent increase in the number of reported human cases each year, despite the availability of effective vaccines.

Received 4 March 2009; accepted 1 May 2009.




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