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1 Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, U.K.
2 Division of Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, U.K.
3 Chiron Corporation, 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, U.S.A.
and4 Edinburgh and South East Scotland Blood Transfusion Service, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Lauriston Place, Edinburgh EH3 9HB, U.K.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) shows substantial nucleotide sequence diversity distributed throughout the viral genome, with many variants showing only 68 to 79% overall sequence similarity to one another. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences derived from part of the gene encoding a non-structural protein (NS-5) has provided evidence for six major genotypes of HCV amongst a worldwide collection of 76 samples from HCV-infected blood donors and patients with chronic hepatitis. Many of these HCV types comprised a number of more closely related subtypes, leading to a current total of 11 genetically distinct viral populations. Phylogenetic analysis of other regions of the viral genome produced relationships between published sequences equivalent to those found in NS-5, apart from the more highly conserved 5' non-coding region in which only the six major HCV types, but not subtypes, could be differentiated. A new nomenclature for HCV variants is proposed in this communication that reflects the two-tiered nature of sequence differences between different viral isolates. The scheme classifies all known HCV variants to date, and describes criteria that would enable new variants to be assigned within the classification as they are discovered.
Present address: Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, U.K.
Present address: Aviron, Belmont, California, U.S.A.
|| Present address: Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, U.S.A.
Received 17 August 1993;
accepted 19 August 1993.
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P H McGuinness, D Painter, S Davies, and G W McCaughan Increases in intrahepatic CD68 positive cells, MAC387 positive cells, and proinflammatory cytokines (particularly interleukin 18) in chronic hepatitis C infection Gut, February 1, 2000; 46(2): 260 - 269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Luo, R. K. Hamatake, D. M. Mathis, J. Racela, K. L. Rigat, J. Lemm, and R. J. Colonno De Novo Initiation of RNA Synthesis by the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (NS5B) of Hepatitis C Virus J. Virol., January 1, 2000; 74(2): 851 - 863. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 D. Marchesi, E. Minola, and O. Vicari Apparent epidemic of HCV infection in a haemodialysis unit Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., January 1, 2000; 15(1): 133 - 134. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. D. Finkelstein, R. Dhir, M. Rabinovitz, M. Bischeglia, P. A. Swalsky, P. DeFlavia, J. Woods, A. Bakker, and M. Becich Cold-Temperature Plastic Resin Embedding of Liver for DNA- and RNA-Based Genotyping J. Mol. Diagn., November 1, 1999; 1(1): 17 - 22. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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R. N. Charrel, P. De Micco, and X. de Lamballerie Phylogenetic analysis of GB viruses A and C: evidence for cospeciation between virus isolates and their primate hosts J. Gen. Virol., September 1, 1999; 80(9): 2329 - 2335. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 M. J. Alter, D. Kruszon-Moran, O. V. Nainan, G. M. McQuillan, F. Gao, L. A. Moyer, R. A. Kaslow, and H. S. Margolis The Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994 N. Engl. J. Med., August 19, 1999; 341(8): 556 - 562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Schröter, H.-H. Feucht, P. Schäfer, B. Zöllner, and R. Laufs Serological Determination of Hepatitis C Virus Subtypes 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, and 4a by a Recombinant Immunoblot Assay J. Clin. Microbiol., August 1, 1999; 37(8): 2576 - 2580. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. J. Germer, P. N. Rys, J. N. Thorvilson, and D. H. Persing Determination of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype by Direct Sequence Analysis of Products Generated with the Amplicor HCV Test J. Clin. Microbiol., August 1, 1999; 37(8): 2625 - 2630. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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K. Aoyagi, C. Ohue, K. Iida, T. Kimura, E. Tanaka, K. Kiyosawa, and S. Yagi Development of a Simple and Highly Sensitive Enzyme Immunoassay for Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen J. Clin. Microbiol., June 1, 1999; 37(6): 1802 - 1808. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. Honda, R. Rijnbrand, G. Abell, D. Kim, and S. M. Lemon Natural Variation in Translational Activities of the 5' Nontranslated RNAs of Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes 1a and 1b: Evidence for a Long-Range RNA-RNA Interaction outside of the Internal Ribosomal Entry Site J. Virol., June 1, 1999; 73(6): 4941 - 4951. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. Tang, A. J. Collier, and R. M. Elliott Alterations to both the Primary and Predicted Secondary Structure of Stem-Loop IIIc of the Hepatitis C Virus 1b 5' Untranslated Region (5'UTR) Lead to Mutants Severely Defective in Translation Which Cannot Be Complemented in trans by the Wild-Type 5'UTR Sequence J. Virol., March 1, 1999; 73(3): 2359 - 2364. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. Honda, M. R. Beard, L.-H. Ping, and S. M. Lemon A Phylogenetically Conserved Stem-Loop Structure at the 5' Border of the Internal Ribosome Entry Site of Hepatitis C Virus Is Required for Cap-Independent Viral Translation J. Virol., February 1, 1999; 73(2): 1165 - 1174. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. Shirai, T. Arichi, M. Chen, M. Nishioka, K. Ikeda, H. Takahashi, N. Enomoto, T. Saito, M. E. Major, T. Nakazawa, et al. T Cell Recognition of Hypervariable Region-1 from Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Protein with Multiple Class II MHC Molecules in Mice and Humans: Preferential Help for Induction of Antibodies to the Hypervariable Region J. Immunol., January 1, 1999; 162(1): 568 - 576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. G. Sullivan, J. J. Wilson, R. L. Carithers Jr., J. D. Perkins, and D. R. Gretch Multigene Tracking of Hepatitis C Virus Quasispecies after Liver Transplantation: Correlation of Genetic Diversification in the Envelope Region with Asymptomatic or Mild Disease Patterns J. Virol., December 1, 1998; 72(12): 10036 - 10043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y.-M. Wang, S. C. Ray, O. Laeyendecker, J. R. Ticehurst, and D. L. Thomas Assessment of Hepatitis C Virus Sequence Complexity by Electrophoretic Mobilities of Both Single-and Double-Stranded DNAs J. Clin. Microbiol., October 1, 1998; 36(10): 2982 - 2989. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. Beld, M. Penning, M. van Putten, A. van den Hoek, V. Lukashov, M. McMorrow, and J. Goudsmit Hepatitis C Virus Serotype-Specific Core and NS4 Antibodies in Injecting Drug Users Participating in the Amsterdam Cohort Studies J. Clin. Microbiol., October 1, 1998; 36(10): 3002 - 3006. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. Le Pogam, D. Le Chapois, R. Christen, F. Dubois, F. Barin, and A. Goudeau Hepatitis C in a Hemodialysis Unit: Molecular Evidence for Nosocomial Transmission J. Clin. Microbiol., October 1, 1998; 36(10): 3040 - 3043. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. Songsivilai, D. Kanistanon, and T. Dharakul A Serotyping Assay for Hepatitis C Virus in Southeast Asia Clin. Vaccine Immunol., September 1, 1998; 5(5): 737 - 739. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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L.-J. van Doorn, C. Figueiredo, R. Sanna, S. Pena, P. Midolo, E. K. W. Ng, J. C. Atherton, M. J. Blaser, and W. G. V. Quint Expanding Allelic Diversity of Helicobacter pylori vacA J. Clin. Microbiol., September 1, 1998; 36(9): 2597 - 2603. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S. Le Pogam, F. Dubois, R. Christen, C. Raby, A. Cavicchini, and A. Goudeau Comparison of DNA Enzyme Immunoassay and Line Probe Assays (Inno-LiPA HCV I and II) for Hepatitis C Virus Genotyping J. Clin. Microbiol., May 1, 1998; 36(5): 1461 - 1463. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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P. Muir, U. Kammerer, K. Korn, M. N. Mulders, T. Poyry, B. Weissbrich, R. Kandolf, G. M. Cleator, and A. M. van Loon Molecular Typing of Enteroviruses: Current Status and Future Requirements Clin. Microbiol. Rev., January 1, 1998; 11(1): 202 - 227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Calvo, J Kansopon, K Sra, S Quan, R DiNello, R Guaschino, G Calabrese, F Danielle, M. Brunetto, F Bonino, et al. Hepatitis C virus heteroduplex tracking assay for genotype determination reveals diverging genotype 2 isolates in Italian hemodialysis patients [In Process Citation] J. Clin. Microbiol., January 1, 1998; 36(1): 227 - 233. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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V. Di Marco, O. L. Iacono, P. Almasio, C. Ciaccio, M. Capra, M. Rizzo, R. Malizia, A. Maggio, C. Fabiano, F. Barbaria, et al. Long-Term Efficacy of alpha -Interferon in beta -Thalassemics With Chronic Hepatitis C Blood, September 15, 1997; 90(6): 2207 - 2212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Cesaro, M. G. Petris, F. Rossetti, R. Cusinato, C. Pipan, M. Guido, L. Masiero, G. A. Botta, G. A. Meloni, and L. Zanesco Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection After Treatment for Pediatric Malignancy Blood, August 1, 1997; 90(3): 1315 - 1320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. De Vita, C. Sacco, D. Sansonno, A. Gloghini, F. Dammacco, M. Crovatto, G. Santini, R. Dolcetti, M. Boiocchi, A. Carbone, et al. Characterization of Overt B-Cell Lymphomas in Patients With Hepatitis C Virus Infection Blood, July 15, 1997; 90(2): 776 - 782. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Vento, L. Guella, and E. Concia Discordant Manifestations of Hepatitis C in Monozygotic Twins N. Engl. J. Med., November 2, 1995; 333(18): 1224 - 1225. [Full Text]
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K. Bjoro, S. S. Froland, Z. Yun, H. H. Samdal, and T. Haaland Hepatitis C Infection in Patients with Primary Hypogammaglobulinemia after Treatment with Contaminated Immune Globulin N. Engl. J. Med., December 15, 1994; 331(24): 1607 - 1611. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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