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Prevalence and associated factors of betapapillomavirus infections in individuals without cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma

¹ DDL Diagnostic Laboratory;
² Institute of Virology;
³ Istituto Dermopatico dell?Immacolata IDI-IRCCS;
⁴ Leiden University Medical Center;
⁵ Hospital Edouard Herriot;
⁶ Queensland Institute of Medical Research;
⁷ Institute of Cell and Molecular Science;
⁸ Ospedali Riuniti;
⁹ German Cancer Research Center

¹⁰ E-mail: maurits.dekoning{at}ddl.nl

SummaryBetapapillomavirus (betaPV) infections are often associated with squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) and the prevalence of betaPV infections in (immunosuppressed) SCC patients is known to be high. The distribution and possible associated factors of betaPV infections in the general population, however, are largely unknown. To address this issue, betaPV infection was studied in 1405 SCC-free immunocompetent (n= 845) and immunosuppressed (n= 560) individuals from six countries of different latitudes. A standard study protocol was used to obtain information about age, sex, UV-irradiation and skin type, and from all participants eyebrow hairs were collected for detection and genotyping of 25 established betaPV types using the PM-PCR RHA method.The frequency of betaPV-positive participants ranged from 84% - 91% in the immunocompetent population with HPV23 as the most prevalent type, and from 81% - 98% in the immunosuppressed population with HPV23 as the most or the second most prevalent type. The median number of infecting betaPV types ranged from 4-6 in the immunocompetent and from 3-6 in the immunosuppressed population. Increasing age in the immunocompetent participants and (duration of) immunosuppression in the immunosuppressed patients were associated with betaPV infection. In both groups, sex, skin phototype, sunburns and sun-exposure were not consistently associated with betaPV infection.This study demonstrates that betaPV infections are also highly prevalent in SCC-free individuals, with similar HPV types prevailing in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed persons. Age and (duration of) immunosuppression were identified as betaPV infection-associated factors, whereas characteristics related to sun exposure and skin type were not.

Received 16 January 2009; accepted 23 March 2009.

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